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A Sourcebook for Climate-Proof Urban Development :
Imprint As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices: Bonn and Eschborn, Germany Section Governance and Human Rights Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 36 + 40 53113 Bonn, Germany T +49 228 4460-37 62 F +49 228 4460-17 66 E info@giz.de I www.giz.de Project: The project ‘Cities Fit for Climate Change’ is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. The project also cooperates with the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community (BMI). Responsible: Dr Daphne Frank Head of Project Cities Fit for Climate Change T +49 228 44 60-33 62 E daphne.frank@giz.de Design and layout: EYES-OPEN, Berlin Photo credits (front and back cover): © Amina Schild: Upper picture front side, upper circle back side, lower circle back side © Lea Kulick: Main picture lower front to back side © Andrea Palma: Upper circle front side © Daphne Frank: Lower circle front side URL links: This publication contains links to external websites. Responsibility for the content of the listed external sites always lies with their respective publishers. When the links to these sites were first posted, GIZ checked the third-party content to establish whether it could give rise to civil or criminal liability. However, the constant review of the links to external sites cannot reasonably be expected without concrete indication of a violation of rights. If GIZ itself becomes aware or is notified by a third party that an external site it has provided a link to gives rise to civil or criminal liability, it will remove the link to this site immediately. GIZ expressly dissociates itself from such content. Maps: The maps printed here are intended only for information purposes and in no way constitute recognition under international law of boundaries and territories. GIZ accepts no responsibility for these maps being entirely up to date, correct or complete. All liability for any damage, direct or indirect, resulting from their use is excluded. On behalf of: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), Berlin GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication. As at: Bonn, Germany, May 2019
Acknowledgements: Authors: Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) team: Dr Daphne Frank, Philipp Kühl, Amina Schild, Lea Kulick, Andrea Palma, Sudhakar Krishnan Sripathy, Zane Abdul With support from Godje Bialluch (GIZ South Africa), Georg Jahnsen (GIZ India), Maria Ignacia Jimenez Suarez (GIZ Chile), Michael Engel (GIZ Ukraine), Elizabeth Dubbeld (formerly GIZ South Africa), Vaishali Nandan (GIZ India), Karen Pacheco (GIZ Germany) With support from consultants Iker Urdangarin Meabe, Felix Volgmann, Iris Gleichmann, Jochen Gauly, Anja Lamche With support from CFCC interns Franziska Baack, Ralf Leonards, Marisa Fuchs, Paulina Fröhlich, Teresa Hoffmann, Elisa Kollenda, Jan Timo Walter, Lukas Vogel, Tim-Sören Hohmann, Julia Mira Brennauer Contributors to the case studies María José Castillo (Municipality of Providencia), Karen Seaman (Municipality of Providencia), Andrés Vargas (Ministry of Housing and Urbanism – MINVU), Ximena Villegas (Municipality of Providencia), José Paulsen (Ministry of Housing and Urbanism, Regional Secretariat – SEREMI MINVU), Helene Epstein (eThekwini Municipality, Durban), Nongcebo Hlongwa (eThekwini Municipality, Durban), Emmanuel Letebele (eThekwini Municipality, Durban), Itumeleng Masenya (eThekwini Municipality, Durban), Deputy Commissioner (Greater Chennai Corporation), Vidhya Mohankumar (Urban Design Collective), Dr Jayshree Vencatesan (Care Earth Trust), Dr Sekhar Raghavan (Akash Ganga Trust and the Rain Centre, Chennai), Smiso Bhengu (eThekwini Municipality, Durban), Hanna Jaritz (City of Frankfurt am Main), Gerd Prohaska (City of Frankfurt am Main), Joachim Eckhard (City of Frankfurt am Main), Karolin Pannike (City of Leipzig), Eike Sievers (City of Leipzig), Mary Uhlig (City of Leipzig), Ulrika Poppius (City of Malmö), Ann Häger (City of Malmö), Linnea Uppsäll (City of Malmö), Klaus Illigmann (City of Munich), Dr Susanne Sprößer (City of Nuremberg), Dr Stefan Bege (City of Nuremberg), Nancy Manríquez Donoso (Metropolitan Secretary of the Ministry of the Environment, Chile), Rainer Kapp (City of Stuttgart), Silke Drautz (City of Stuttgart), Tonny Hartono (City of Balikpapan), Dr Patricia Himschoot (City of Buenos Aires), Abigail Corizzo (City of Buenos Aires), Dr Dinh Quang Cuong (Da Nang Office of People’s Committee, Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Office – CCCO, Da Nang City Resilience Secretariat), Lê Cong Anh (City of Da Nang), Anh Tho Nguyen (Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International, Vietnam – ISET), Dr Shiraz Wajih (Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group – GEAG), Nivedita Mani (Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group – GEAG), Jakob Lindemann (formerly GIZ Mauretania), Mauricio Guerra (City of Recife), Hugo Alves Mariz de Moraes (City of Recife), Pedro Reis Martins (Rio de Janeiro Operations Centre), Pedro Vicente Canesin Bittencourt (City of Rio de Janeiro), Larissa Lopes (City of Rio de Janeiro), Shin, Min Kyung (Seoul Metropolitan Government), Myounggu Kang (University of Seoul), Ane Itziar Velasco (City of Vitoria-Gasteiz), Roberto Gonzalez Argote (City of Vitoria-Gasteiz), Juan Vilela Lozano (City of Vitoria-Gasteiz), Dr Yang Deping (China Eco-City Academy – CECA), Zhao Jiang (China Eco-City Academy – CECA), Zuo Junjie (China Eco-City Academy – CECA), Ma Weimu (China Eco-City Academy – CECA), Bernardo Valdés (Metropolitan Government of Santiago de Chile) Linguistic support: Dick Cloete, Media Directions, South Africa Video production: Cult Wife, South Africa 1
Making cities fit for climate change
Imprint Increasing green cover of urban surfaces through roof greening in Frankfurt Source © Stadt Frankfurt am Main 3
Making cities fit for climate change Urban greening in Santiago de Chile Source © Jochen Gauly 4
Preface Preface Dear readers, Our century has to be the century where more sustainable paths to existence on this planet need to be found and rigorously deployed. Against this backdrop, urbanisation and climate change are two megatrends which have a major impact on the life of the human population and its habitat. Urban areas are home to over half of the world popu- lation and are therefore at the forefront when it comes to combating climate change. We all know the facts: Most of the energy on earth is consumed in cities. Also most of the greenhouse gases are emitted and most of the waste is generated in urban areas. We also know that it is often the urban poor, who are most vulnerable and hence are confronted with a greater share of the negative climate change effects. As a director of GIZ’s division on Global Policy and Governance I am aware that there are great efforts to alleviate the negative outcomes of climate change. The Paris Agree- ment, the New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals are three examples for global action. However, I think we all agree that we need to increase our efforts to translate global policies into concrete action on the ground. As cities begin to become more climate-sensitive there is great need for mechanisms to develop and implement effective urban climate change strategies and measures. The sourcebook which you are holding in your hands responds to this need. The book outlines a climate-proof urban development approach that provides a solid framework for cities to refer to in their efforts toward becoming more climate-friendly. Moreover, it provides a compendium of good practices of measures from all over the world that can serve as inspiration in our daily efforts to contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation. One key strength of the sourcebook is the fact that it is the outcome of a collaborative, dialogic process. It was developed in the framework of the global project ‘Cities Fit for Climate Change’ with contributions from the project’s partner cities – eThekwini (South Africa), Santiago de Chile (Chile), and Chennai (India). I would like to express my gratitude to all partners and the CFCC team who have collectively worked on this knowledge product. Special thanks is extended to all urban practitioners that agreed to participate in interviews and helped to build the impressive list of case studies. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) as commissioning party and the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community (BMI) as cooperation partner have given to this global project. Joachim Göske Director of GIZ’s Global Policy & Governance Division 5
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change The Sourcebook on Climate-Proof Urban Development in a Nutshell Flooded city Source © AdobeStock What is the Sourcebook? Th is sourcebook on climate-proof urban development addresses key issues at the interface of climate change and urban development. Its content builds on the knowledge gained in the global project ‘Cities Fit for Climate Change’ (CFCC). It has been elaborated over the project’s three-year course through great contribu- tions by the project partners from Chile, India and South Africa. Th e sourcebook is divided into three parts: Part I describes the thematic context and provides a background to the global CFCC project. It intro- duces the Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA), a framework for practition- ers to address climate change in the urban context. Th e considerations entailed in this approach are used throughout the sourcebook and constitute its concep- tual foundation. 6 Part II focuses on good practices of climate-proof urban development. Diff erent case studies from the Global North and the Global South represent the broad range of experiences available. Each case study is analysed based on four Fields of Action (FoA) which are part of ClimPUDA. They are (1) Governance and Management, (2) Policies and Strategies, (3) Measures: From Policy to Action, and (4) Capacity Development. Part III provides further information in terms of capacity building in the fi eld of climate-proof urban development and also contains all sources on which the sourcebook is based.
The Sourcebook on Climate-Proof Urban Development in a Nutshell Who is it for? This sourcebook is primarily designed for municipal practitioners. It can serve as guidance for developing an approach to climate-proof urban development and offers inspiration and tangible starting points for plan- ning and implementing climate-proof urban develop- ment activities. How do I use it? This sourcebook does not have to be read from begin- ning to end. It is designed in a way that practitioners can access the most relevant information directly. Throughout the document links to other (digital) sourc- es ensure that the knowledge product is as concise as possible while retaining the comprehensiveness that this thematic field deserves. The content of the sourcebook can be adapted to local contexts. It can be used as a guide to plan and structure climate-related interventions in the city or simply be used for awareness raising/ training activities. What are Key Features of the Sourcebook? A customised, interactive and digital design that allows easy access to the relevant information. A practical guide and conceptual approach to climate-proofing your city. A comprehensive list of case studies on climate-proof urban development. Urban greening and use of bike rental systems Source © Norbu Gyachung, unsplash 7
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Table of Content Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Sourcebook on Climate-Proof Urban Development in a Nutshell. . . . . . . . . 6 List of Figures, Maps and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 PART I CLIMATE-PROOF URBAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CFCC Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2 Background to the Global Project ‘Cities Fit for Climate Change’. . . . . . . . 20 2.1 CFCC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2 Partner Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3 Chennai, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4 eThekwini (Durban), South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.5 Santiago de Chile, Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 Setting the Context: Climate Change and Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Impacts of Climate Change on Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.1 3.2 Towards Climate-Proofing: Thinking Urban Development and Climate Change Together . 41 Densly populated riverside in Vietnam Source © AdobeStock 8
Table of Content 4 Climate Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.1. General Introduction to the Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA). . 46 4.2 Going Deeper: The Fields of Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 PART II CASE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Introduction to Case Study Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Overview of all Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 CFCC Project Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 CFCC International Network Case Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Further International Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 PART III ANNEXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 Capacity Development Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 9
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change List of Figures, Maps and Tables Figure 01: Population Density of Chennai Metropolitan Area Figure 02: Population Density of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Figure 03: Population Density of Santiago Metropolitan Region Figure 04: Urban Heat Island Effect Figure 05: Virtuous and Vicious Cycles of Urban Heat Islands Figure 06: Fields of Action Overview Figure 07: Fields of Action Explained Figure 08: Case Study Chennai - Diagram Showing Multitude of Interconnected Aspects for Climate-Proofing the Buckingham Canal, Chennai Figure 09: Case Study Chennai - Green Cover in the Chennai Metropolitan Area for the Year 2000 and 2017 Figure 10: Case Study Chennai - One of the Possible Design Interventions for Urban Greening and Stormwater Management Figure 11: Case Study Chennai - Ward-Wise Percentage Vegetation Cover in Ambattur Zone Figure 12: Case Study Santiago de Chile - Overview of the Toolbox’s Process on Climate-Proof Integrated Urban Development Concept Figure 13: Case Study Chennai - Drawing of a Rainwater Harvesting System for a Group of Multi-Storeyed Apartment Complexes Figure 14: Case Study Chennai - Collecting Capacity of Rainwater Harvesting, Chennai Figure 15: Case Study Leipzig - Leipzig 2030 Concept Elaboration Process Figure 16: Case Study Leipzig - Overarching Set of Goals INSEK Leipzig 2030 Figure 17: Case Study Santiago de Chile - The Four Measures Included in the Santiago Zona Verde Figure 18: Case Study Balikpapan - Number of Homes and Businesses Supplied with Methane Gas Figure 19: Case Study Nouakchott - A Scenario for Rainwater Drainage According to an Area Study Located in the Fifth District, Nouakchott Figure 20: Case Study Nouakchott - Street Drainage by Pierced (Perforated) Concrete Gutter Channels Figure 21: Case Study Nouakchott - Storage of Rainwater in Perforated Concrete Basins Map 01: Chennai Metropolitan Area Map 02: eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Map 03: Santiago Metropolitan Region Map 04: Map of Palmiet River Catchment: River Marked in Blue and Quarry Road Informal Settlement Marked in Red Map 05: Map of Malmö Map 06: Map of the Project Area of Neuaubing-Westkreuz, Munich Map 07: Map of Zona Verde Santiago Map 08: Map of the Green Belt with the Current Status of Development Table 01: Comparison of CFCC Partner Cities Table 02: Principles and Objectives of Climate-Proof Urban Development Table 03: Case Study eThekwini: Example for the Energy Sector: One of the Objectives is to Develop a Renewable Energy Potential Map Table 04: Case Study Gorakhpur: Selected Resilience Indicators from Gorakhpur 10 p. 26 p. 27 p. 27 p. 36 p. 40 p. 47 p. 48 p. 78 p. 86 p. 88 p. 88 p. 109 p. 116 p. 117 p. 142 p. 143 p. 170 p. 189 p. 218 p. 222 p. 222 p. 26 p. 27 p. 27 p. 124 p. 149 p. 156 p. 172 p. 250 p. 24 p. 45 p. 99 p. 212
List of Abbreviations List of Abbreviations AC ACCCRN ACCVC BMI BMU BRL BMZ C40 CAF CBD CCC CCCO CEA CECA CFCC ClimPUDA CMA CMDA CMWSSB CNDU CO2 COMCLIMA COP COR CORDESAN CRISP CRO CRRT CSE CUN DCCS DDMA DoNRE DSW EFI EU Air conditioning Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network Adaptation au Changement Climatique des Villes Côtières (Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities) Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat (Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community) Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety) Brazilian real Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development) C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Development Bank of Latin America Central Business District Comité de Concertation Communale (District Consultation Committees) Climate Change Coordination Office Centro de Estudios Ambientales (Environmental Studies Centre) China Eco-City Academy Cities Fit for Climate Change Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach Chennai Metropolitan Area Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano (National Council for Urban Development) Carbon dioxide Comitê de Sustentabilidade e Mudanças Climáticas (Committee on Sustainability and Climate Change) Conference of the Parties Centro de Operações Rio (Rio Operations Centre) Corporación para el Desarrollo de Santiago (Corporation for the Development of Santiago) Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning Chief Resilience Officer Chennai Rivers Restoration Trust Centre for Science and Environment Communauté Urbaine de Nouakchott (City of Nouakchott) Durban Climate Change Strategy District Disaster Management Authority Department of Natural Resources Durban Solid Waste Environmentalist Foundation of India European Union 11
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change EWS FoA GCC GDP GEAG GECLIMA GEF GHG GIS GIZ IBP ICLEI IDP IKI inh. INR INSEK IPCC ISE ISET IT KLIMAKS LID LRT M&E MCCP MEDD MHUAT MINVU MMA MRV MTT NAFCC NAMA NAPCC NCCRP NDCs NDP NGO NUA OECD PACC 2020 PANCC PCRP eThekwini Water & Sanitation Field of Action Greater Chennai Corporation Gross domestic product Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group Grupo Executivo de Sustentabilidade e Mudanças Climáticas (Executive Group on Sustainability and Climate Change) Global Environment Facility Greenhouse gas Geographic Information System Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik (Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics) Local Governments for Sustainability Integrated Development Plan International Climate Initiative Inhabitants Indian rupee Integriertes Stadtentwicklungskonzept (Integrated Urban Development Concept) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems) Institute for Social and Environmental Transition Information technology Klimawandelanpassungskonzept (Climate Change Adaptation Concept) Low Impact Development Light Rail Transit Monitoring and evaluation Metropolitan Climate Change Platform Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development) Ministère de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanisme et de l’Amenagement du Territoire (National Ministry of Housing, Urban Development and Land Use Planning) Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (Ministry of Housing and Urbanism) Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (Ministry of Environment) Measuring, Reporting and Verification Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones (Ministry of Transport and Telecommunication) National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action National Action Plan on Climate Change National Climate Change Response Policy Nationally Determined Contributions National Development Plan Non-Governmental Organisation New Urban Agenda Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Plan de Acción de Cambio Climático 2020 (Climate Change Action Plan 2020) Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático (National Action Plan for Climate Change) Palmiet Catchment Rehabilitation Project 12
List of Abbreviations PDALM RWH SDAU SDF SDGs SDSMA SEEDS SWOT analysis TNSAPCC TRANSANTIAGO TWAD UCCRN UDC UHI UKZN UN UNFCCC Urban-LEDS WBGU WRI ZAR ZLEV ZVTS Plan directeur d’amenagement du littoral Mauritanien (National Coastal Development Plan) Rainwater harvesting Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme (Master Plan for Nouakchott) Spatial Development Framework Sustainable Development Goals Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade (Secretariat for Sustainable Development and Environment) Sustainable Environmental and Ecological Development Society Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis Tamil Nadu State Action Plan on Climate Change Santiago public transport plan Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board Urban Climate Change Research Network Urban Design Collective Urban Heat Island University of KwaZulu-Natal United Nations United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Urban Low Emission Development Strategies Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen (German Advisory Council on Global Change) World Resources Institute South African rand Zero Level Emission Vehicles Zona Verde para el Transporte en Santiago (Green Zone for Transport in Santiago) Park in Santiago de Chile Source © Felipe Diaz Borquez 13
Making cities fi t for climate change 12
CFCC Video This video gives an overview of the challenges cities around the globe are facing in the context of climate change. It introduces the Cities Fit for Climate Change project and its Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach. Four identified Fields of Action serve urban practitioners as entry points and guidance for developing, implementing and sustaining climate-proof measures in the urban context. Source © Holger Link 17
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 1 Introduction Source © AdobeStock Cities are both contributing to and aff ected by climate change: they consume 70 per cent of the world’s energy and heat up the earth’s atmosphere by producing over 75 per cent of global CO2 emissions. At the same time, many urban agglomerations already suff er from the negative impacts of climate change: in low-lying coast- al areas, cities are being threatened by rising sea levels and storm surges; in drier climate zones, they must contend with droughts and water shortages; and cities everywhere have to deal with the heat island eff ect in the densely built-up urban landscape. Accelerated urbanisation exacerbates these problems. According to the United Nations (UN) by 2050, 6.5 billion people, two thirds of the world’s population, are expected to live in sprawling cities. In terms of cities and urban develop- ment, climate change can and will aff ect municipal service provision, private sector activities as well as the health and quality of life of every citizen. Th e adverse impacts of climate change are already tangible in many cities today. Th e number of aff ected cities and the intensity of impacts is likely to increase in future. Th ere is growing recognition that it is not only an environ- mental issue, but also an economic and social issue. Building on the momentous Paris Agreement; nations, states and cities around the world are fi rmly transition- ing towards a low carbon and climate-resilient economy. However, this transition is often complicated and requires a tremendous collective eff ort. On a national scale and with a focus on climate change, cities have a responsibility in fulfi lling their countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to achieving the climate change targets that states have committed to by signing the Paris Agreement. Th ey are in a unique position to deliver potential solutions to contribute to the reduction of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Local authorities play a key role in providing a decent quality of life for their citizens. Th ey are re- sponsible for the provision of infrastructure and public services and for the local conditions for social, econom- ic and ecological development on the ground. Eff ective, effi cient, transparent and accountable management is 18
Introduction particularly helpful in promoting inclusive, safe, resil- ient and sustainable urban development. At the same time, municipalities, through their proximity to the citizens and local self-governance, are a principal forum for political participation and thus essential for the democratic development of their countries. New forward-thinking strategies for the mitigation of climate change and adaptation to its effects need to be integrated into established concepts of urban develop- ment in order to safeguard urban ways of life and citi- zen’s well-being. That means that the cities of the future will have to look different from those of today. However, for cities to deliver on these promises, current urban development practice must be critically reviewed. This sourcebook attempts to provide starting points on how climate change and urban development can be addressed in a more integrated manner. The Sustainable Development Goals, Climate Change and Urban Development In September 2015, the UN adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that formulate a sustainable development agenda for developing and developed countries with 169 targets and 231 indicators, which aim to be achieved by 2030. Two goals, SDG 11 and SDG 13, specifically focus on the topics of climate change and urban development. SDG 13 highlights the need to ‘take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’. In December 2015, following the adoption of the 2030 Agenda, the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted the Paris Agreement, which further defines SDG 13 and commits all countries to act to move toward a low-emissions and climate-resilient economy. SDG 11 focuses on making ‘cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’. There have also been further negotiations under the UN focusing on cities and human settlements. The most recent international agreement is the New Urban Agenda (NUA), which was adopted in October 2016. Further information Document: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment Report – Synthesis Report, 2014 Document: Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy and C40 Cities Leadership Group, Summary for Urban Policy Makers – What the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C means for Cities, 2018 Document: UN-HABITAT, Sustainable Urbanization in the Paris Agreement, 2017 Document: Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN), Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report, 2018 Quito, Ecuador Source © Amina Schild 19
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 2 Background to the Global Project ‘Cities Fit for Climate Change’ 2.1 CFCC Th e global project Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) is implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). It forms part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). Th e project also cooperates with the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Com- munity (BMI). Th e duration of the project is from November 2015 to June 2019. CFCC aims to strengthen cities as key actors in sustainable development and collaborates mainly with its three partner cities, Santiago in Chile, Chennai in India and Durban in South Africa. Besides support- ing the implementation of climate-proofi ng activities in its partner cities and strengthening global exchange on low-carbon and resilient urban development the project aims to develop a new climate-proof urban de- velopment approach. Th e work of CFCC can be divided into three main areas: Compiling Good Practice on Climate-Proof Urban Development As part of this work area, CFCC has collected good practices on climate-proof urban development in devel- oping and developed countries and made these acces- sible to urban practitioners and decision-makers at the local level. Th e collection and compilation of good practices has been undertaken as desk research as well as through onsite visits. Th e most important output of this area of work is the development of the Climate- Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) which is introduced in this sourcebook. Furthermore, CFCC has published a number of knowledge products on diff erent themes, often with a specifi c focus on issues related to the project’s partner countries. For example, a comprehensive study on urban climate fi nance in the three partner cities was published. 20
Introduction Santiago de Chile Source © Felipe Diaz Borquez Implementation in Partner Cities The second area focuses on the work in the CFCC part- ner cities. As part of this the cities are given advice on climate-proof urban strategies through GIZ technical advisors who are located in the partner cities. These advisors are supported by the international CFCC team and through local and international consultants. The aim of the technical support is to assist each city in developing its own strategies and approaches to making climate change aspects an integrated and strategic ele- ment of urban development. As a result, plans, pro- grammes, strategies and investments in the city should make them more resilient to climate risks and take into account the need to take action to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Global Exchange and Networking Another very important area of the project is interna- tional knowledge exchange and networking. Knowledge gained through the project is used to influence and facilitate relevant international processes such as imple- menting the New Urban Agenda (NUA), the annual Conferences of the Parties (COP) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process and the German Federal Congress on Nation- al Urban Development Policy. The project’s partner cities have been given the opportunity to actively con- tribute their experience in these international processes and conferences. Furthermore, the partner cities also regularly exchange knowledge with each other, for example, through hosting three International Dialogue Forums. As part of its advisory role to the commission- ing party Ministry for the Environment, Nature Con- servation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and the coopera- tion partner Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community (BMI) the project also feeds insights back into German policy discourse. Further information Video: CFCC, First Project Video, 2017 Online article: deutschland.de, Cities are pioneers of climate protection, 2018 Online article: International Climate Initiative (IKI), Cities Fit for Climate Change, 2018 21
CFCC in Action d l i h c S a n i m A © e c r u o S a i d n I , i a n n e h C a c i r f A h t u o S , ) n a b r u D ( i n i w k e h T e k c o t S e b o d A © e c r u o S e l i h C , e l i h C e d o g a i t n a S k c i l u K a e L © e c r u o S m u r o F e u g o l a i D g n i r u d n o i s s u c s i D e l i h C t p a d A © e c r u o S e l i h C e d o g a i t n a S n i 22 Chennai In Chennai, CFCC pursued a twofold strategy: during the first year of the project, the main focus was on detailed stocktaking that looked at the existence of climate related aspects within existing strategies and masterplans. Furthermore, the emphases of future CFCC activities were discussed with the Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) and a Memorandum of Understanding was signed. Based on the stocktaking exercise as well as a baseline study on the general understanding of climate change aspects and urban development within the governmental agencies, capacity building measures such as training and workshops were undertaken in order to create a shared basis eThekwini (Durban) In eThekwini, CFCC supported various sector departments in elaborating an integrated strategic approach to planning. An inter-departmental group led a thorough review of the city’s planning documents. As a result, a Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) was developed as a tool for promoting stronger integration between existing eThekwini Municipality climate change response mechanisms and its spatial planning regime. This plan was developed for the first time in and by the eThekwini Santiago de Chile In Santiago de Chile CFCC worked with the project teams of two large-scale projects. These urban development projects involved constructing a new residential district and upgrading a main traffic artery and its surroundings in Santiago. Previously, both projects took little account of climate change aspects, but this has changed as a result of the advisory services. For the residential project, for example, climate modelling demonstrated the contrast in how heat phenomena would develop in the district if climate-relevant aspects were International Dialogue Forums CFCC fosters a collective learning and exchange process by regularly bringing together its partner cities in face-to-face workshops referred to as dialogue forums. These dialogue forums are complemented by online learning activities such as webinars in order to concentrate on selected themes that are relevant for a group of cities. Besides the South-South learning component of the dialogue forums an additional feature is the participation of German and Swedish cities. These cities are invited to contribute state-of-the-art municipal practice from Europe. Both the international and
of understanding. This foundation of knowledge about the current and future effects of climate change within an urban environment was essential for the subsequent second line of interventions: the promotion of projects supporting climate-proof urban development approaches. In order to tackle one of the greatest urban planning challenges within the city, the Buckingham Canal, a heavily polluted former navigation channel that crosses the entire city in a north- south direction, GIZ initiated an ideas competition to rethink the canal. The Urban Ideas Competition for a selected 3.5 km stretch of the Buckingham Canal pursued the goal of adding to and strengthening the current processes, approaches and strategies of the municipal government as well as highlighting the potential of the innovative ideas collected. This well-received and highly visible initiative as well as the promotion of a Ward-level Urban Greening Plan in Chennai’s Ward 82 (Ambattur) in coordination with GCC and Smart Cities, are being used to encourage further multi-stakeholder and multi-level climate-proof urban development interventions to make Chennai fit for climate change. Municipality. The CRISP aims to foster an integrated planning approach in line with the national Integrated Urban Development Framework of the South African government as well as with international state-of-the-art approaches to urban development. Specifically, the CRISP has taken recommended actions from the Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS) and integrated these into the city’s Spatial Development Framework (SDF). Through the CRISP, the SDF reflects specific climate resilience actions in various sector spatial proposals that sectors now must manage and implement as part of their plans. In some cases, the CRISP actions create the need to modify plans, in others the actions complement existing plans. This encourages more collaboration between various departments and actors and requires dealing with climate risk in a proactive and productive manner. incorporated or ignored. The data gathered thus guides decisions on expanding green spaces, reducing soil sealing, using alternative energy sources and incorporating natural ventilation corridors. Additionally, two municipalities in the metropolitan area of Santiago de Chile are being supported in developing an integrated climate-proof urban development strategy. This intervention forms part of a bigger government programme and is anticipated to be rolled out in various municipalities throughout the country. The two forerunner municipalities supported by CFCC are commercial areas with a strong potential for mixed-use development in order to foster compact city development. All lessons learnt in Santiago have been compiled into a tool-box which consists of integrated urban planning guidelines and a methodology to facilitate multi-sectoral and multilevel coordination. It also contains a check-list for planning climate-related interventions in the city. the European cities perceive this additional component of North-South learning as an added-value. While the European cities are often quite advanced in terms of mitigation efforts, they tend to obtain new insights in terms of adaption interventions as extreme weather events are occurring in the South with greater frequency and intensity. Reports on International Dialogue Forums in: eThekwini (Durban) Santiago de Chile February 2017 September 2017 Chennai August 2018 23
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 2.2. Partner Cities As a global project at the interface of urban development and climate change Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) was mandated to work intensively with three partner countries and more specifically with three partner cities. The three partner cities were selected after the start of the project. Some of the key selection crite- ria for their identification were: The extent of vulnerability to climate change impacts, particularly in coastal cities Potential for greenhouse gas emissions reduction Commitment and capacity of the city to work on mitigation and adaptation topics Interest in local and national climate policy and possibilities to influence these as well as the international sphere Interest and commitment in improving local climate finance readiness Clear commitment by the executive mayor, council and city manager Ability to provide personnel and financial resources over the period of the project Possibility to use the city as a model and share lessons of innovative projects Interest and commitment in working with the CFCC project Out of intensive assessment missions that were con- ducted in close cooperation with the respective partner ministries as well as other bodies responsible for city development (for example city networks, associations, and so on) eThekwini, Chennai and Santiago de Chile emerged as the partner cities of the project. Table 01: Comparison of CFCC Partner Cities Chennai All data refers to Metropolitan Area (CMA) eThekwini (Durban) All data refers to eThekwini Metro Santiago de Chile All data refers to Metropolitan Area Surface 1,189 km² 2,292 km² 15,403 km² Population Population Growth Rate Average Temperature 8,653,521 (2011) 3,450,000 7,300,000 7,278 inhabitants (inh.)/km² 1,505 inh./km² 474 inh./km² 7% (2001–2011) 1.08% (2001–2011) 15.3% (2012–2017) 28.7 °C 20.6 °C 14.3 °C Annual Rainfall 1,401 mm 1,008 mm 301 mm Source © CFCC 24
Water truck providing drinking water to the urban population in Hyderabad, India Source © Amina Schild 25
Size of the City and Urban Density Chennai Source © Amina Schild eThekwini (Durban) Source © Felix Volgmann Santiago de Chile Source © Daphne Frank Map 01: Chennai Metropolitan Area Figure 01: Population Density of Chennai Metropolitan Area Chennai: 73 Inhabitants / 10,000 m2 Chennei N 5 km Source © 2019 Google Source © CFCC i a n n e h C 26
Map 02: eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Figure 02: Population Density of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Durban: 15 Inhabitants / 10,000 m2 Durban N 5 km Source © 2019 Google Source © CFCC Map 03: Santiago Metropolitan Region Figure 03: Population Density of Santiago Metropolitan Region Santiago de Chile: 5 Inhabitants / 10,000 m2 Santiago de Chile N 5 km Source © 2019 Google Source © CFCC 27 ) n a b r u D ( i n i w k e h T e e l i h C e d o g a i t n a S
Local market in Chennai, India Source © Daphne Frank Street scene in Chennai, India Source © Amina Schild 28
2.3. Chennai, India FACTS AND FIGURES ABOUT CHENNAI Chennai is situated in the northeast of the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu and is its capital. It is on the Coromandel Coast in the Bay of Bengal. In 2011, the city’s administrative area expanded from 174 to 426 square kilometres, an increase of approximately 150 per cent. This decision was made as the urban area of Chennai had expanded beyond its previous city limits. Chennai’s mean elevation is merely 6 metres above sea level. In the east, Marina Beach, a 13 kilometres long sand beach stretches from north to south. There are countless rivers and lakes within the city, with the two main rivers, the Cooum River and the Adyar River, flowing from the West into the sea. The Buckingham Canal is the most important artificial waterway in Chennai flowing parallel to the coast in a north-south direction and connecting the two rivers. CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN CHENNAI Chennai’s climate is tropical. Its proximity to the sea and the equator makes the climate and weather in Chennai relatively consistent with little variation in the seasonal temperatures. Chennai’s climate is influenced by the north-east winter monsoon. Roughly three climatic periods can be distinguished. First, the rainy season which is characterised by hot and wet weather lasting from mid-June until the end of September. The second season brings relatively cool and dry weather lasting from early October to February. The third season is characterised by hot and dry weather from March to mid-June. The duration of these periods, however, can vary. In recent years, the monsoon has also been erratic making it increasingly difficult to predict the weather. In December 2015 unprecedentedly heavy rainfall led to inundation of many low-lying areas causing human casualties and high economic losses. Another extreme weather event happened in December 2016, when cyclone Vardha hit the city. The estimated maximum wind speed reached 110–130 km/h in the core area and produced a huge storm surge that elevated the sea-level by more than 3 m and uprooted approximately 25,000 trees. Seven people were killed and more than 8,000 people were evacuated to relief centres. The cyclone was accompanied by exceptionally heavy rains which led to devastating floods and cut off the Tamil Nadu state from the rest of the country. CLIMATE-PROOF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CHENNAI The floods in 2015 made climate change a much more relevant topic within the city of Chennai. External actors, such as GIZ, contributed to the improvement of local capacities to tackle climate change. However, there are still no city-wide climate change action plans and the discussions on climate change remain largely at a global and national level. As sub-national levels of government continue to see providing basic services as their main focus, climate change topics are not reflected in their priorities. State level action plans do not sufficiently mention city-level climate plans including measures and projects. Furthermore, there is a lack of sufficient funds for specific climate-proof urban development programmes and no clear plans to tap different climate finance mechanisms are available. Relevant national policies, strategies, etc. on climate change are: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) Relevant state level policies, strategies, etc. on climate change are: Tamil Nadu State Action Plan on Climate Change (TNSAPCC) 29
View of eThekwini (Durban) from the shore of the Indian Ocean Source © AdobeStock Kwamashu Township in Durban Source © Amina Schild 30
2.4. eThekwini (Durban), Republic of South Africa FACT AND FIGURES ABOUT ETHEKWINI EThekwini Municipality is situated on the east coast of South Africa on the Bay of Natal within an estuary and lagoons of two rivers. Its coastline stretches for 98 km. The topography is diverse, including steep hills and the start of South Africa’s eastern escarpment to the west, relatively flat land or small hills closer to the coast and small flood plains. Most flat land is around the harbour and Central Business District (CBD), and the narrow coastal plains north and south of the CBD. The metropolitan area includes 18 catchments, 16 estuaries and 4,000 km of rivers. The metro area lies in a biodiversity hotspot called the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany region and is home to diverse terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN ETHEKWINI EThekwini’s climate is characterised by warm temperatures and summer rainfall. Increased rainfall variability has resulted in regular occurrence of droughts and floods in the past years. Additionally, sea level rise is a growing threat for eThekwini. In 2007, storm surges combined with intense spring tides caused wide spread damage to the coastline and infrastructure along it. Low rainfall caused a nation-wide drought in 2016 and 2017 which led to severe water shortages in Durban with many small dams running below capacity and water restrictions in place. In October 2017, a 100-year flood event took place in Durban resulting in flooding throughout the city with the southern and central low-lying areas hardest hit. The estimated cost of damages to public infrastructure was over €30 million. The flood event was characterised by extreme downpours and was exacerbated by limited drainage capabilities, inappropriate land use, and build-up of waste through illegal dumping on verges and in drains. CLIMATE-PROOF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN ETHEKWINI EThekwini prioritises topics of climate change and sustainability in the city. Municipal employees are truly expert professionals who have the ability to implement climate-proof urban measures but sometimes lack the financial resources. This means that whilst good policies get drawn up, they cannot be effectively implemented. The munici- pality generates its revenue through service sales, local taxes, and so on. Resources are also provided by the national government through public investment mainly for major infrastructure programmes but lack of coordina- tion and insufficient alignment of local and national targets makes it difficult to use funds most effectively. Relevant national policies, strategies, etc. on climate change and urban development are: National Development Plan (NDP) Integrated urban development framework Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act, 2013 (Act No. 16 of 2013) National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP) Relevant regional policies, strategies and so on, on climate change and urban development are: Kwazulu-Natal Provincial Climate Change Strategy Relevant local policies, strategies and so on, on climate change and urban development are: Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS) Spatial Development Framework (SDF) Integrated Development Plans (IDP) Disaster Management Act, 2002 (Act no. 57 of 2002) 31
Santiago de Chile with the Mapocho River and the Andes Mountains in the background Source © Felipe Diaz Borquez 32 ‘Bike Santiago’ providing rental bikes Source © Amina Schild
2.5. Santiago de Chile, Chile FACT AND FIGURES ABOUT SANTIAGO Santiago is the capital of Chile. The Metropolitan Region of Santiago accommodates more than 40 per cent of the country’s population. It lies in the centre of the Valle Central Basin surrounded by three mountain chains: Cordillera de los Andes, Cuenca de Santiago and Cordillera de la Costa. This mountainous location causes the city’s varying elevation, which gradually increases from 400 m in the western areas to more than 700 m in the eastern areas. Santiago’s water resources mainly consist of the Maipo river and its tributary the Mapocho River. Administratively the Metropolitan Region of Santiago is divided into six provinces and 52 municipalities. CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN SANTIAGO Santiago’s climate is characterised by warm and dry summers which last from November to March. The hottest days can reach temperatures up to 35 °C. Winters, which last from June to August, are usually cool and humid. Maximum temperatures in winter can reach up to 14 °C whereas minimum temperatures are around zero degrees. The average annual rainfall is 359 mm. In summer 2016, several rainstorms caused flooding in the city. In July 2017, a heavy snow storm damaged the electricity system in the entire city. Almost 200,000 inhabitants lacked electricity supply, with an average of at least 3 days before returning to normal functioning. In 2018, several severe floods near Santiago and the high Andes resulted in a water supply cut in Santiago for several days. CLIMATE-PROOF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN SANTIAGO The topic of climate change has gained importance in Chile in the past years. A legal framework for adaptation and mitigation is currently being developed. On the municipal level a lot of climate action is already happening and communication channels between munici- palities are in place to create synergies. However, the biggest challenge in Chile is coordination between vertical and horizontal levels of planning. There are no agreed standards for urban development. This means that urban development can differ greatly depending on the respective area. Therefore, no coherent strategies exist on how climate change issues can be tackled in the context of urban planning. Furthermore, the strong paradigm, that land use is controlled by the market, prevents sustainable urban development. Relevant national policies, strategies and so on, on climate change and urban development are: The National Action Plan for Climate Change (PANCC) National Strategy on Energy 2030 National Code on Sustainable Construction 33
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 3 Setting the Context: Climate Change and Cities Skyscrapers in the smog of Los Angeles, United States Source © AdobeStock 3.1. Impacts of Climate Change on Cities Cities are particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Among other things their high vulnerability can be explained due to population densi- ties, more intense impacts of some climate phenomena such as heat waves, agglomerations of poor people, who are more vulnerable in the fi rst place, and location in high risk areas along the coast. Climate change is accelerating the impact of many threats that cities are already facing due to rapid ur- banisation. Th erefore, anthropogenic climate change will potentially cause serious diffi culties for some urban centres in providing basic services such as water and energy supply or transport to their citizens. Interrup- tions of basic services will have impacts on local econo- mies, the population and their livelihoods. Th e main climate change impacts experienced by cities are sea level rise, coastal erosion and storm surges, urban fl ooding, increased drought leading to water scarcity and heat waves. Noting that these impacts are infl u- enced by geography, population, urban form and the pace of economic development, the following para- graphs will briefl y introduce the most prominent impacts. Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion Historically, many cities have been built in coastal areas. Th is puts them at risk from rising sea levels as well as storms which cause fl ooding and coastal erosion. In Europe approximately 70% of the largest cities are built in low-lying areas less than ten meters above sea level. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 34
Setting the Context: Climate Change and Cities Change (IPCC), sea levels are expected to rise between 18 to 59 centimetres by the end of the century. Even if global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were stopped and temperatures stabilised, coasts and low-lying areas would still be at great risk from sea level rise as this process would continue for the next few centuries. Only 50 centimetres of sea level rise could triple the popula- tion at risk of coastal flooding by 2070 and expose assets to the value of about 9 per cent of 2070 global gross domestic product (GDP). Apart from coastal erosion and flooding, sea level rise also poses an additional threat to cities. Rising sea water puts pressure on lower-lying groundwater levels resulting in intrusion of salt water into the coastal groundwater system. This saltwater in- trusion has major impacts on human populations and ecosystems. Extreme Precipitation and Urban Flooding The IPCC projects an increase in intensity and frequen- cy of extreme precipitation events. Flooding due to extreme rainfall causes a lot of damage to city infrastruc- ture such as roads, electricity supply, waste management, sewage systems and water treatment facilities. Com- bined with sea level rise, this can cause severe sanitation problems and can paralyse a city’s core functions for weeks as happened in Chennai in December 2015. Fur- thermore, pollutants from industries and other sources can be released and washed into rivers and other water bodies contaminating them and severely affecting hu- man health. There is some evidence that urbanisation might inten- sify extreme rainfall in historically arid regions, which are usually much less prepared for this than humid regions. Moreover, the water infrastructures of these cities are usually not built to cope with such events and soils in arid regions are not capable of absorbing a lot of water in a short period of time. Floods caused by extreme rain- fall are one of the most expensive and damaging kinds of disasters. For example, the Chennai floods caused eco- nomic damages of at least US$2 billion out of India’s US$6.2 billion total economic losses caused by disasters in 2015. 35 Urban flooding Source © AdobeStock
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Urban flooding poses serious challenges to all water re- lated city departments and specifically to urban plan- ners. They have to figure out how to plan for events that are often very hard to predict and, along with more frequent flooding, must plan for levels of flooding that might only occur once in a 100-year timeframe. Even in developed countries such as Germany extreme pre- cipitation has caused tremendous challenges. Here, in the recent past the frequency and intensity of 100-year flooding events has increased significantly. For example, the flash floods in Germany in June 2016 caused insured economic damage of approximately €450 million. Increased Drought and Water Scarcity Anthropogenic climate change is likely to increase com- petition for water resources. Urbanisation exacerbates problems relating to water scarcity. In general, cities depend on their surroundings for water supply. Since today’s water management systems were designed based on historic weather patterns with more regular and pre- dictable wet and dry seasons, there is an urgent need to adapt these systems to current and projected changes in order to ensure future water supply in urban settle- ments. More than 50 per cent of the urban populations in Africa and Asia already suffer from insufficient water supply and sanitation facilities. Anthropogenic climate change is likely to worsen the conditions and create tension in the affected areas. Apart from the direct impacts of climate change on urban water systems there are also several less direct impacts. For example, increased temperatures may lead to a greater energy demand for air conditioning increas- ing the demand for cooling water from many power plants and thus creating competition with other water usages. Many cities depend on water supply from glaciers. Therefore, glacial retreat is a serious threat for their wa- ter supply systems. For example, 60 per cent of water for Quito, Ecuador and 30 per cent of water for La Paz, Bolivia comes from the surrounding glaciers. In the past years, Peru’s glaciers have lost seven billion cubic meters of water due to climate change, equal to the 10-year supply for Lima. Figure 04: Urban Heat Island Effect °C 33 32 31 30 Rural Suburban Residential Commercial Downtown Urban Park Residential Suburban Residential Rural Farmland Source © adapted from United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2003 °F 92 85 36
Setting the Context: Climate Change and Cities Heat Waves and Urban Heat Island Effect Urban and suburban areas often suffer from higher tem- peratures compared to their surrounding periphery. This difference in temperature is called the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Daytime temperatures of a metropolis of one million or more inhabitants can be from one to three degrees Celsius warmer than the surrounding ar- eas (see Figure 1). In extreme cases temperature differ- ences can even be up to five degrees Celsius. However, at night due to the absorption and release of heat from the built-up infrastructure, temperature differences between the city and the periphery can be as much as twelve degrees Celsius. Urban heat islands exist due to several causes. One cause is the materials used to build up urban areas, such as concrete and asphalt, as they have different thermal and radiative characteristics to natural materials like wood and vegetation. This means that less radiation is reflected back to the atmosphere during the day, and more is absorbed and then usually emitted during night. There- fore, cities have a changed energy budget leading to higher temperatures compared to rural areas. A second reason is the lack of evapotranspiration, the process of plants releasing water into the surrounding air, which decreases temperatures. Additionally, vegetation and trees usually provide shade and cooling. These benefits do not occur when vegetation is missing. Figure 2 illustrates the vicious cycle of the UHI effect as well as the virtuous cycle which could become a real- ity when mitigation and adaptation measures are real- ised. The vicious cycle shows that in order to cope with urban heat, the use of air conditioning is increased lead- ing to further direct and indirect warming. The direct warming is caused by waste heat produced by the air- conditioning, the indirect warming is caused by the greater energy demand due to the use of air condition- ing which in turn leads to increased GHG emissions and therefore to greater global warming resulting in a need for further artificial cooling. This vicious cycle could be broken by better buildings and urban planning which would lead to lower temperatures resulting in decreased usage of air conditioning, energy demand and GHG emissions. Increasing temperatures in cities Source © AdobeStock 37
Making cities fit for climate change Contrast of lush, green forest and barren, cracked soil Source © AdobeStock 38
Introduction 39
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Figure 05: Virtuous and Vicious Cycles of Urban Heat Islands Vicious cycle of business as usual More global warming Higher local temperatures More GHG release More air conditioning (AC) Intensification of urban heat island effect Lower air quality Greater energy demand Virtuous cycle of mitigation and adaptation Lower temperatures Less intense heat island effect Less GHG release Less AC use Lower energy demand Building and planning practices Higher air quality Source © adapted from OECD 2008 Further information Document: The World Bank Group, Guide to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities, 2011 Website: UN-HABITAT, Series of publications on Cli- mate Change Vulnerability Assessments Document: GIZ, Resilient Cities: Disaster management and climate change: strengthening cities, reducing risks; Briefing note, 2013 Website: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Climate Change Momentum for Change database Document: UN-HABITAT, Cities and Climate Change – Global Report on Human Settlements, 2011 Document: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Cities and Climate Change, 2010 40
Setting the Context: Climate Change and Cities 3.2. Towards Climate-Proofing: Thinking Urban Development and Climate Change Together Defining Climate-Proofing Building on the analysis of the word ‘climate-proofing’ in international documents, Birkmann and Fleis- chhauer developed an initial definition (2009: 118) for climate-proofing in connection with spatial planning and spatial development as follows: ‘Climate proofing’ includes methods, instruments and procedures that ensure that plans, programmes and strategies, as well as the associated investments towards the current and future impacts of climate change will be made resilient and adaptable, and that they also aim for the corresponding plans, programmes and strategies to take into account the aim of climate change mitigation. Cities have become the focal point of development in the 21st century. Today, local governments around the globe face many challenges. Urban sprawl, rising energy consumption, insufficient transport infrastructure, de- mographic change and urbanisation – often combined with structural changes – result in unequal development of urban areas. Many cities face essential development needs such as providing housing, ensuring urban safety, fostering local economic growth or strengthening social cohesion. Albeit often neglected by local decision-makers, the development challenges described above are heavily in- fluenced by climate change. This means that climate change considerations need to become part of any effort to improve the living quality in a city. Urban planning needs to incorporate mitigation and adaptation as a cross-cutting objective that is routinely considered. De- cisions on planning green areas, on fostering a balanced and clean transport system, on passing and monitoring adequate building standards, on ensuring a sufficient and clean energy supply – among many other issues – strongly influence the handling of impacts of climate change. Developing sustainable and climate-proof cities can only work when considering urban development and climate change interdependently. In addition, city planners need to become more sensitive to the fact that urban patterns determine to some extent how cities are affected by climate change as they am- plify or mitigate climate related challenges. More than 60% of the area projected to be urban in 2030 has yet to be built. Hence, there is a vast potential to build cit- ies that follow a more sustainable path and are ‘fit for climate change’. This also means we have to re-think existing urban concepts and urban patterns in the light of climate change. Understanding that the spectrum of urban concepts is broad, a question for this sourcebook is: how can we use guiding urban concepts to create a more climate-proof vision for our city? Reference: Study on Different Guiding Urban Concepts in the Light of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Germany has a long tradition of implementing guiding urban concepts. Therefore, the Cities Fit for Climate Change project commissioned a study to shed light on the academic discourse on the various existing guiding principles in Germany and how they are applied in the context of climate-proof urban development. 41
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Guiding urban concepts (in German: Leitbilder) help planners, politicians and residents to debate and agree on a vision for the development of their city. But cities can be conceptualised very differently. Therefore, the list of concepts guiding current or future development processes is extensive. Cities vary in their urban forms as a result of their historical development. Urban con- cepts differ in their complexity and scope. Their ap- plicability depends on the geographic location, the political framework and the local historical context. Urban guiding concepts should be considered as an at- tempt to provide conceptual guidance for planners and decision-makers. No single concept alone provides the ideal guidance to deal with mitigation, adaptation and resilience sufficiently, nor is it intended to do so. Hence, the choice of urban concepts varies between cities. Ultimately, the selection of urban concepts is a negotiation between politics, city administration, private sector, civil society and citizens. Why then can urban concepts still be helpful? Concepts offer perspectives on how normative ideas can be conceptualised and implemented. Their influence on programmatic ideas at the city level can be seen in political institutions such as the New Urban Agenda (NUA) of the United Nations which often set clear objectives or principles of development. For example, the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities is one of the leading frameworks for urban development in Europe. It promotes an inte- grated approach to urban development that considers all topics and strives for a coherent planning framework. Most importantly, it promotes inner development be- fore expansion in the periphery and, furthermore, mixed-use development to ensure short distances for the cities’ inhabitants. These two primary principles are good examples for the inherent consideration of climate change in an urban development sphere that must respond to a great number of interests. Inspired by the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable Euro- pean Cities as well as by numerous other urban concepts and the experiences of the CFCC projects in Chennai, Durban and Santiago de Chile, some key principles that emerged and have been incorporated in the framework of the CFCC project are summarised here and form part of the Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (see chapter 4). 42
Setting the Context: Climate Change and Cities residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or rec- reational uses. These functions are physically integrated in a single building, a city block, or entire neighbour- hoods. Higher density structures help reduce distance. Shorter distances allow residents to walk, cycle or use public transport rather than using individual cars. While car-oriented development and new developments in the suburbs increase urban sprawl, the planning model of the mixed-use city of short distances seeks an alternative. Residents of sprawling areas must travel greater dis- tances to their work, shopping facilities or leisure spac- es, thus contributing to CO₂ emissions. Decentralised district centres and short distances are effective ways to consider mitigation in planning while at the same time providing a better quality of life for urban dwellers. By strengthening district centres, which provide all neces- sary contact points for daily needs (local economy and trade, medical services, social and educational services, etc.) traffic and thus CO₂ emissions can be reduced. Inner Development Before Expansion in the Periphery Cities should give priority to development of their inner areas before expanding sites in the periphery. In other words, cities are advised to prioritise the reuse of existing buildings or to use them for new purposes, mainly by means of sustainable land management. In consequence, building on new land in the urban periphery should only be an option when inner areas are not available. This translates to reduced settlement expansion. How- ever, when implementing this principle, cities should also keep in mind the need to preserve or create open spaces due to their recreational and ecological impor- tance. Densification strategies for existing (inner) city areas should also take into consideration climate adap- tation requirements (air corridors for natural ventila- tion, retention areas and so on). Mixed-Use City of Short Distances The urban development model of the city of short dis- tances is based on the idea of creating compact struc- tures with mixed uses. Mixed-use development blends Developing a greener future 43 Source © AdobeStock
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Enhancing Green Areas in the City Cities must allow for green and open spaces. Spatial diversity and mixture between built and unbuilt struc- tures as well as adequate density (preserving a human scale) and a high amount of green spaces increase the diversity of the urban fabric and enhance the quality of life of its residents. Small scale and spatial mix between infrastructures, buildings and green spaces ensure an adequate urban microclimate. Moreover, avoiding construction in vulnerable areas and preserving green spaces and fresh air corridors lessens the exposure of settlements to climate hazards (for example flooding, erosion). Development axes allow further compact development, while retaining the flexibility to respond to unforeseen disasters or erratic weather events. Mainstreaming Adaptation and Mitigation into Urban Development In addition to considering the climate risks and adapta- tion measures in all decision-making processes, mitiga- tion and adaptation measures should be closely con- nected to regular planning cycles and tools such as landscape planning, land-use planning and zoning. Thus, climate-proof urban development requires a com- prehensive approach to planning, holistic strategies and coordinated action, in the same way that successful planning requires the involvement of all relevant persons and institutions in the urban development process. Yet often, individuals and administrations focus on their core fields, on their sectoral policies and tasks, without realising the potential for co-creation. An important success factor is the commitment of political and administrative decision-makers. Strong leadership is influential in fostering broad commitment through political decisions in which climate-proof urban devel- opment is set as a goal (for example elaborating adapta- tion strategies or integrated urban development concepts). All dimensions of sustainable development – economic prosperity, social balance and a healthy environment – should be considered in a city’s develop- ment strategy at the same time and with the same weight. Adaptation and mitigation measures should be linked to other societal processes in the city and its surrounding rural areas (for example demographic changes, structural changes). Finally, knowledge about climate change must be structured, user-oriented and available. In the following chapter, this sourcebook seeks to pro- vide urban practitioners and municipal decision-makers with a framework that promotes key elements for climate-proof urban development. Further information Document: German Advisory Council on Global Change (in German: Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundes- regierung Globale Umweltveränderungen, WBGU), Humanity on the move: Unlocking the transformative power of cities, 2016 Document: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), UN Environment and the World Bank Group, supported by BMU, Financing Climate Futures, Rethinking Infrastructure, 2018 Website: UN-HABITAT, Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning, 2015 Deutsche Welle, 2018 Website: Urban green spaces Document: Booklet Document: Quiz cards Document: Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (in German: Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, BMZ), Managing Urbanisation – Towards Sustainable Cities, 2014 Document: GIZ, Sustainable Urban Development. Livable, green and connected – working together to create tomorrow’s cities, 2016 Document: GIZ, Adapting Urban Transport to Climate Change: Sustainable transport. A sourcebook for policy-makers in developing cities, 2009 44
Setting the Context: Climate Change and Cities Table 02: Principles and Objectives of Climate-Proof Urban Development Principle General objective Objective for climate-proof cities Inner development before expan- sion in the periphery Sustainable land management, reducing settlement expansion, fostering local economy in the inner city Creating short distances, main- taining green areas around cities, preserving and creating open spaces Mixed-use city of short distances Preventing urban sprawl and pro- viding a better quality of life for urban dwellers Reducing CO2 emissions by limit- ing need for individual transport and commuting Enhancing green areas in the city Diversifying the urban fabric and enhancing the quality of life of its residents Mainstreaming adaptation and mitigation into urban development Ensuring integrated planning with consideration of all relevant sectors Preserving natural space to respond to unforeseen disasters (e.g. flooding) or erratic weather events, reducing heat islands and mitigating CO2 emissions Considering the climate risks and adaptation measures in all decision-making processes, con- necting mitigation and adaptation measures to regular planning cycles and tools Source © CFCC River in Leipzig 45 Source © Amina Schild
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 4 Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Source © AdobeStock 4.1. General Introduction to the Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Guiding principles and an integrated understanding of urban development as described in the previous chapters can help planners, municipal staff and citizens to iden- tify a sustainable direction for development in their city. To provide a meaningful framework for cities that can be specifi cally used in planning or structuring their eff orts to become more climate-friendly this sourcebook promotes a Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA). Th e approach provides a solid framework for cities to refer to in their eff orts towards becoming more climate-friendly, and arose as a response to a single key question: What are the most strategical- ly-important fi elds that cities need to engage with in tackling climate change? Out of these considerations, four Fields of Action (FoA) were identifi ed that concep- tually form ClimPUDA. Th ese four FoA are entry points for urban practitioners that provide guidance in developing, implementing, and sustaining each city’s own climate-proof urban development eff orts. One of the main take-aways from ClimPUDA is that climate change doesn’t adhere to administrative bound- aries – it aff ects cities of all size. As such, eff orts to tackle climate change require multi-level cooperation across all sectors of government and society. Practically developing and implementing this approach includes the elaboration of a shared strategic vision for the city and the use of coherent methods to identify actions suitable to both the desired approach and the local context (geography, topography, social, environ- mental and economic contexts; local and national de- velopment targets; local and national politics; fi nances). 46
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) ClimPUDA and its FoA are strongly informed by the experiences that have been generated in the course of the Cities Fit for Climate Change project. It consists of daily practice and challenges in the three partner cities as well as of knowledge shared through the various net- works and collaborators in Germany and around the world. In the process of conceptualising this approach the project worked with a few considerations that served as guidance, namely: The approach should incorporate existing knowledge on urban development and what is relevant for climate-proofing urban development. A key principle of this approach is integrated think- ing and action. It should stimulate co-ordinating processes for ne- gotiations and exchanges between actors to deter- mine what is suitable and to be able to support its management and implementation. Spatial considerations should form part of the ap- proach. This is important because of the given dy- namic nature of cities. Application of the approach can potentially include the city, the neighbourhood/ precinct, buildings and other forms of land use. 4.2. Going Deeper: The Fields of Action To illustrate the FoA this Sourcebook also features a variety of case studies. These case studies have been se- lected to complement the FoA and provide real world examples for developing innovative measures to support climate-proof urban development. This Sourcebook proposes four Fields of Action (FoA) to assist municipal practitioners in planning and struc- turing an integrated urban climate change response. The FoA provide guidance on how to develop, sustain and implement their city’s climate-proof urban development approach. The FoA assist in generating a holistic under- standing of climate-proof urban development and high- light the ‘fields’ where actions need to be prioritised. Figure 06: Fields of Action Overview The Fields of Action are: Governance and Management Policies and Strategies Measures: From Policy to Action Capacity Development Source © CFCC 47
Governance and Management 1 4 Foster a strong political leadership by including the city council and political decision-makers. The city council should be involved when elaborating an urban plan or concept. Urban development concepts are to be presented to the city council and the city council should approve them. Ensure transparency in planning to create legitimacy, by means of a clear communication of planning steps to gain support for the objectives and create long term planning of participatory proces- ses to engage and involve different actors. 2 5 Promote cross-sectoral collabora- tion within the administration. Involve multiple city departments in separate phases of planning and implementation to ensure success of a concept or a project. Pursue rural-urban and regional cooperation on equal terms, to jointly elaborate integrated regional development schemes that include a range of intercon- nected sectors. 3 6 Political participation: involve external actors early and compre- hensively, during implementa tion and ex-post evaluation. Use participatory tools to engage with citizens, civil society, academia, private sector, stakeholders and involve them in formulating development goals and corres- ponding projects. Enhance relationship with regional and national governments and organise in a local government network to have a stronger voice towards the national government; if possible, seek finance for climate-proof urban development beyond national public funding. Measures: from Policy to Action 13 16 Prioritise spatial measures in the city based on need for action at appropriate scales (citywide, neighbourhood, building) to define focal points and realistic goals for future city development and for strategic use of resources. Sensitise target groups through general information campaigns, but also through direct engage- ment and involvement in project development. 14 17 Foster local knowledge and private/ civic engagement within the process of identifying needs and determining measures to promote ownership. Monitor and evaluate measures defining actions that are measur- able, identify responsibilities for measuring (departments, persons); climate action indicators should be integrated into existing monitoring systems. 12 15 Elaborate an action plan with concrete and measurable projects to reach the objectives of the strategy. Secure sound financing: by conside- ring activites that are already planned and financed, secure backing of leadership for measures, indicate the funding necessary for each measure, propose cost-effective actions and identify alternative funding sources. 48
7 10 Integrate adaptation and mitigation into relevant plans and strategies and link them with sectoral policies (e.g. energy concepts); check if existing projects, urban designs and land use and master plans can be enhanced to contribute to adaptation/mitigati- on and develop a joint vision for a climate-proof and sustainable city. Enable monitoring and evaluation: Develop indicators on climate- proofing that measure the progress and success of the objectives and an evaluation mechanism in which the monito- ring and concluding results are considered. 8 11 Elaborate new climate-related strategies and policies including key areas for the strategies and prioritising actions, as well as short-term and long-term objectives with adequate realistic measures and aligned budget processes; involve the relevant stakeholders in the process. Integrate global, national, regional and local strategies and policies: conduct an analysis to assess whether existing city strategies are in line with current national and international frameworks. 9 Promote strategic communication for specific target groups. All concepts and urban planning should be published and acces- sible to all interested parties. The interested public should be informed at regular intervals about the implementation status of the plans, concepts and projects. Policies and Strategies 20 Societal level: Educate and raise awareness – Share information on climate-proof urban development with inhabitants; develop and implement governmental and municipal programmes for climate change advocacy as well as communicate benefits of climate- proof urban planning and support civil society organisations to provide education and information. 18 Individual level: Create knowledge among municipal staff through fostering peer-to-peer learning within the administration and other cities, municipal or local training institutes and/or acade- mic institutions, identifying external training providers, making resources available in each department to attend trainings and peer-to-peer learning. 19 21 Organisational level: Collect and use knowledge on climate-proof urban development by addressing knowledge gaps and seeking consultancy from other cities, organisations, actors, developing and advancing existing knowledge sharing platforms through engagement. Capacity building should be bottom-up rather than top-down: municipality should encourage bottom-up processes, involvement of NGOs, civil society, universities etc. when developing trainings. Capacity Development Figure 07: Fields of Action Explained 49 Source © CFCC
50 Aerial view of Providencia in Santiago de Chile Source © Providencia Municipality
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Making Cities Fit for Climate Change FIELD OF ACTION 1 GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT Climate change does not adhere to administrative boundaries of countries, regions or cities, nor is climate change a sectoral challenge. Consequently, all levels of govern- ment must act together. Optimising cooperation and coordination of local, regional and national governments, private sector, civil society and citizens ensures effectiveness and broader support in climate action. Thus, it has the potential to create a long- lasting impact for climate-proof urban development. Climate-proof urban development requires collaboration between line departments within a city to ensure that varying and potentially conflicting perspectives are considered, and different financial and human resources are tapped. Involving stakeholders and communities – especially marginalised groups – in separate phases of planning, implementation, monitoring and follow-up is necessary. Hence; efficient, effective and transparent processes to collect external knowledge and to pursue participation (for example information, collaboration, decision-making) help to provide legitimacy for the actions, maximise their impact and to provide resources. In addition, inter-municipal and regional cooperation is necessary to enable climate actions across administrative borders. Lessons learned • Strong political leadership and commitment is necessary to facilitate consensus building and mitigate potential conflicts between line departments within the city (mandates, resources, ownership). • Internal and external cooperation between all urban stakeholders must be promoted. • The benefits of cross-sectoral collaboration are best communicated when delivering local benefits and supporting local development priorities. • Transparency creates legitimacy and can be derived through openly displaying which actors were involved in which way in the planning processes. • The decision-making process should be open, objectives should be measurable, reportable, independently verifiable, and evaluable. • External moderators can help to get more balanced participation from external stake- holder and municipal representatives. • Financial resources, especially from external donors, are predo minantly allocated when integrated and participative planning processes have been applied and are being considered for implementation. 52
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Case Studies in the Sourcebook: The following Case Studies featuring this Field of Action serve as examples of climate-proof interventions with components dealing with governance and management. Clicking on the items will take you directly to the respective Case Studies. CHENNAI, India: Rainwater Harvesting Initiative LEIPZIG, Germany: Integrated Urban Development Concept ‘Leipzig 2030’ DA NANG, Vietnam: Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) ETHEKWINI (DURBAN), South Africa: Climate Change Adaptation: Palmiet River Catchment Rehabilitation Project ETHEKWINI (DURBAN), South Africa: Climate Resilience Implementa- tion Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) FRANKFURT am Main, Germany: Masterplan 100 % Klimaschutz (Climate Change Mitigation) GORAKHPUR, India: Implementing and Promoting Ward-Level Micro Resilience Planning NUREMBERG, Germany: Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development RECIFE, Brazil: Municipal Climate Change Agenda RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil: Rio Operations Centre – A Response to Extreme Climate Hazards and Other Complex Operations in an Urban Setting SANTIAGO DE CHILE, Chile: Climate-Proof Integrated Urban Development Concept in Two Neighbourhoods of Santiago de Chile SEOUL, South Korea: Urban Adaptation: Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration and Downtown Revitalisation 53
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Topic Guiding Questions Foster a strong political leadership • Are the political decision-makers (mayor city council and so on) supporting initiatives to enhance collaboration in climate-proof urban planning (for example through top- down decisions, moderation, restructuring)? Promote cross-sectoral collaboration within the administration • Do existing interfaces between line departments regarding climate action and urban planning (committees, units, regular meetings) sufficiently enable collaboration? • Does the position of climate departments/units/branches need to be strengthened to achieve better results on climate action? Political participation: Involve external actors • Does the city frequently use participatory tools to engage with citizens, civil society, academia and private sector in actions and decisions on climate change and urban development? • How is it ensured that their input is incorporated in the outcome to provide ownership for citizens and other stakeholders? Ensure transparency in planning to create legitimacy • Does the city have anti- corruption policies that can be made public to communicate transparency? • Are there sufficient mechanisms to publicly inform about the involvement of actors in the planning processes (press releases, council hearings, community meetings)? Pursue rural-urban and regional cooperation on equal terms • Does the city engage in planning with surrounding cities and rural municipalities (e.g. regional planning schemes)? • Is the city or any of its line departments part of a regional/national/ international network or initiative for climate change mitigation or adaptation? • Does the city identify its interdependent relations (for example ecosystems, transport infrastructure, public services, water and energy sources, food provision, and so on) with its surrounding rural municipalities? Enhancing relationship with national government • Does the political framework allow for taking local climate action? • Does the city voice its needs to higher levels of government? • Are there any regional initiatives on climate change that the city is part of? • Is the national government supporting or taking part in regional initiatives on climate change? T N E M E G A N A M D N A E C N A N R E V O G 1 N O I T C A F O D L E I F 54
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Elements/Outputs Benefits • Creating a cross-departmental group through internal bottom-up • Mayor can achieve international recognition through local action on processes. climate change (city networks). • Appointing a person or an institution with a clear mandate to manage • Creating a positive sustainable image of the city, also for marketing cross-departmental climate-proof urban development. purposes of the city. • Providing councillor induction events/trainings through qualified • Top-down approach: reluctant departments are convinced more easily partners (for example training institutes, academia). to contribute to climate-proof urban planning. • Fostering the participation of local leaders in national and • Restructuring of working processes can be done more effectively international city networks to learn from peers. • Encouraging local NGOs and other city actors to voice their position which can be used for other cross- departmental topics and themes. • Necessary funding from city budget can be secured through political to local leaders. priorities. • Overall political participation can be fostered. • Qualifying existing interfaces (steering groups, units, regular meetings) • Exchange of information between line departments is simplified and by working towards a concrete output for climate-proofing the city’s development (for example integrated urban development strategies, climate-proofing existing plans). becomes part of working routines. • Interdisciplinary units can achieve innovative approaches based on local needs. • Creating new units or appointing existing entities with a strong • Political priority expressed through strong planning mandates fosters mandate to organise cross-departmental planning. likelihood of successful implementation. • Providing resources (workforce and time, budget) for participatory • Commonly defined interventions, their spatial impacts and allocated events to elaborate strategies and leadership support for cross- sectoral groups in the administration. • Inviting staff with relevant knowledge from various departments to participate in cross-sectoral administrative groups. • Flattening hierarchies and enabling contact between staff of different departments (office culture). • Identifying and strengthening the position of change agents within line departments to foster planning and implementation. budgets. • Involving relevant civil society actors (Non-Governmental Organisa- • Knowledge from external actors provides local perspectives on tions [NGOs], academia) early in the processes and clarifying the form of participation (information, collaboration, decision-making). • Getting external moderators to assist in public events and/or qualify municipal staff in moderating such events. • Organising participatory workshops at neighbourhood level with local topics to enable citizens to attend and tap into their local knowledge. sectoral issues, thus enriching local development paths. • External moderators help all involved actors to take strong positions and defend opinions – eventually making it easier to reach a consensus. • A neutral external actor can moderate in conflictive situations. • Transparently communicating planning steps through local media, council hearings, websites, public events to gain support for the objectives • Transparent planning and decision-making make it more likely to gain support among the population, private sector and NGOs • Transparency makes it possible for additional actors to get involved • Creating long term planning of participatory processes to engage and as knowledge of the planning process broadens in society. involve different actors. • The legitimacy gained by making planning participatory and trans- parent increases the chances of successful implementation of a plan or programme and its chances of long-term continuation. • Jointly elaborating integrated regional development schemes that • Finding solutions for climate challenges that rarely take place within include a range of interconnected sectors (for example climate change mitigation and adaptation). • Seeking cooperation on equal terms despite the power imbalance between the city and its rural surroundings. • Identifying the most significant urban rural linkages, especially those based on shared ecosystems, environmentally valued areas and those most vulnerable to climate change. • Including a regional perspective and joint climate change adaptation and mitigation strategy in the planning instruments of the city and its surrounding rural municipalities. the limitations of municipal boundaries. • Bundling resources. • Getting a stronger voice in regional and national entities. • Containing urban expansion to reach a sustainable model of a city and region. • Contributing to sustainable development and the preservation of environ- mental, landscape and cultural values, affected or at risk of being so. • Guaranteeing the sustainability of rural soils and resources that the city needs for its subsistence. • Improving relations of exchange and urban-rural interdependence. • Avoiding the formation of precarious settlements or informal urbanisation. • Reduction of income gaps and inequality among the city and its surrounding rural municipalities. • Including a regional approach to local planning instruments facilitates • Influencing political framework conditions (for example national the process of future horizontal and vertical articulation. • Organising local government networks and strengthening the existing ones to have a stronger voice in the regional and national government. • If possible, seeking finance for climate-proof urban development beyond national transfers. funding mechanism, access to global funds) from the regional and national level to make them more suitable for local climate-proof urban planning. • Promoting horizontal cooperation among municipalities that hold different levels of institutional and financial capacity can help in achieving better results while implementing climate change strategies at regional level. 55
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change FIELD OF ACTION 2 POLICIES AND STRATEGIES Local governments elaborate (climate) policies to regulate (for example setting standards for buildings or energy consumption) or to provide incentives (for example renewable energy production and use, greening). Often, policies are comprised of both regulation and incentives. Local policies guide public sector investments, regulate and foster private sector investment and enhance civil society action and citizen involvement to join forces for climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. Local policies can be a city development concept that takes climate aspects into account, a local climate action plan or a city resilience plan – just to name a few. Local policies can be and often are a vehicle to respond to global, multinational and national strategies. Key to success is that strategies and policies are elaborated in a coherent manner, namely they do not contradict each other, and follow a multi- level approach, i.e. they involve communication and collaboration with other levels of government, as the effects of climate change affect most social, economic and political sectors at various scales. Therefore, city-wide strategies should be developed with the involvement of all relevant sectors (integrated development) and sectoral strategies should be elaborated with consideration of respective strategies at higher levels of government (multilevel approach). Lessons learned • Local strategies have a stronger mandate if they are aligned with regional and national development strategies. At the same time results and lessons learnt from local strate- gies must feed back into the elaboration of national strategies. • Integrated/holistic strategies (for example citywide development strategies) should be sufficiently linked to sectoral policies regarding their key messages and projects to ensure the implementation of the strategies. • Participation in the elaboration of a policy is vital to its acceptance within the city administration and among those who are affected (for example residents, businesses, neighbouring municipalities). • Formal planning procedures are usually regulated by national, federal, regional or local law. In contrast, complementary strategic planning is not regulated in most countries. Thus, strategic planning such as development strategies, guidelines, sectoral concepts and so on offer a wider range of possibilities to involve and inform different urban actors. • Strengthening regional institutions and instruments can positively affect the implemen- tation of climate change initiatives at a regional scale, as local institutional capacities are usually limited, and a stronger regional level can serve as support to the city and the other municipalities involved. • As many climate change strategies require a long-term implementation processes or a regional scale of implementation, the identification of smaller scale/short-term interventions at early stages can work as a ‘laboratory’ for the stakeholders involved and can help the process to gain legitimacy and to guarantee its continuity. 56
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Case Studies in the Sourcebook: The following Case Studies featuring this Field of Action serve as examples of climate-proof interventions with components dealing with policies and strategies. Clicking on the items will take you directly to the respective Case Studies. BUENOES AIRES, Argentina: Climate Change Action Plan 2020 MALMÖ, Sweden: Cloudburst Plan for Malmö CHENNAI, India: Eyes on the Canal – Reimagining Chennai’s Buckingham Canal NUREMBERG, Germany: Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development CHENNAI, India: Ward-Level Integrated Greening Plan RECIFE, Brazil: Municipal Climate Change Agenda FRANKFURT am Main, Germany: Masterplan 100% Klimaschutz (Climate Change Mitigation) STUTTGART, Germany: Climate Change Adaptation Concept (KLIMAKS) GORAKHPUR, India: Implementing and Promoting Ward-Level Micro Resilience Planning 57
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Topic Guiding Questions Integrate adaptation and mitigation into relevant plans and strategies • Are the effects of climate change and corresponding adaptation and mitigation measures incorporated/feeding into broader strategies (for example local development, poverty reduction)? • Does the city have an urban development strategy that considers resilience to climate change? Elaborate new climate- related strategies and policies • Is there a need to elaborate a single stra tegy or can measures and objectives be incorporated into existing strategies? • Is there a clear mandate with a unit/department/function for steering the strategy development? • Is scientific evidence about local conditions (risks, needs, potentials) considered in elaborating local policies? • Does the city have enough information, evidence and studies to formulate new climate related strategies and policies? • Does the strategy/plan have a spatial focus, are there district-specific/ neighbourhood-specific concepts? Promote strategic communication for specific target groups Enable monitoring and evaluation • Does the city communicate the strategy and its measures in target group- specific manners (for example brochures, media, language, meetings, exhibitions)? • Does the city map its target groups and their specific features in order to design a communication strategy specific to their profile? • Are citizens/target communities involved in the development and implementa- tion of climate-related strategies? • Are the objectives measurable? Are they being measured? • Is there concrete evidence backing up the information on objectives achieved? • Is the monitoring backed by a strong actor who is pushing the tracking of the indicators and keeping an overview? Integrate global, national, regional and local strate- gies and policies • Are local strategies based on national and international frameworks or do they need to be updated? • Is the city participating (for example political leaders) in national or regional debates about legal regulations and political debates about climate change? • Do local policies consider regional strategies or are they part of the imple- mentation of regional plans for taking mitigation or adaptation measures? S E I G E T A R T S D N A S E I C I L O P 2 N O I T C A F O D L E I F 58
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Elements/Outputs Benefits • Anchoring adaptation and mitigation strategies in urban and regional plan- ning and linking them with sectoral policies. Also, incorporating adaptation/ mitigation into existing sectoral policies and plans. • Conducting a gap analysis to reveal to what extent climate change is considered in local strategies/plans, for example spatial planning, regional development, ecosystems and water management, disaster risk reduction, coastal zone management, agriculture and rural development, health ser- vices • Considering existing projects and determining their contribution to adapta- tion/mitigation, if necessary, qualify the projects (for example renewing green spaces to create a water retention area) • Considering those actions that are counterproductive in terms of climate change • Developing a joint vision for a climate-proof and sustainable city that is explained in an urban development strategy (involving local politicians, municipal administration, civil society) • Describing roles and assigning staff to fulfil them in the elaboration process. • Based on sound data, defining objectives that the city wants to reach within a certain time span. • Understanding which climatic issues are of concern for a defined spatial area. • Matching short-term and long-term objectives with adequate measures to ensure that they can be implemented/reached. • Prioritising risks posed by climate change and identifying appropriate opportunities for adaptation. • Involving the right people at key stages of the process (see FoA 1, Governance), for example senior management, city council. • Involving target communities early in the development process by enabling them or supporting community-led organisations to avoid introducing un- known concepts that are not understood or which communities do not value. • Aligning budget allocation with planning processes in order to reach a higher level of execution and implementation of climate change initiatives. • Involving key players is crucial to secure access to sufficient resources (staff, time, funding) and to get political understanding and backing for the strategy. • Communicating strategies in a target group-specific manner (see FoA 4, Capacity Development) • Communication at every level involved in the project for example strategic and operational levels of authorities; implementation levels and communi- ties or beneficiaries. • Communication strategy throughout the whole process (design, implemen- tation and evaluation) to guarantee real accountability and participation of target groups. • Developing indicators that measure the progress/success of the objectives • Setting or identifying milestones and concrete outcomes or results to be reached in the process of achieving the established objectives. • Developing an evaluation mechanism that considers the monitoring and concluding results (strong backing needed). • Using innovative and technological tools to make it easier for the respon- sible units to report their progress and also to visualise the general state of implementation of the initiative. • If climate change becomes an integral part of planning processes and determining action, the reflection of climate change in development strategies will become more consistent. • Improvement in determining the need for action by getting a cross-sectoral overview of how climate change is considered. • Incorporating adaptation/mitigation measures into existing policies ensures that measures are implemented coherently and ownership lies with all involved departments. • A shared vision guides development, attracts investment and creates ownership among the administration and population. • Reducing the vulnerability of the city to climate change effects. • Making improvements in people’s quality of life by reducing the effects of climate change in the city. • Understanding risks and needs through evi- dence-based planning and situational analyses. • Given limited resources, finding out which climatic issues are not a concern is also important for targeting available funding more effectively. • Clear roles and mandates are the foundation for coherent decision-making and swift policy elaboration • More efficient allocation of financial and human resources by designing strategies that can achieve the desired urban development model and a climate-proof city. • Creating an understanding of the purpose and the actions required among leadership, local government, private sector and communities. • Fostering ownership and contribution. • Enhancing the likelihood for successful imple- mentation through consensus building. • Defining measurable objectives helps to com- municate and illustrate success. • Setting milestones along the process helps the achievement of ‘early victories’ that can legiti- mate the process. • Measurable objectives can help to acquire additional funds from national government, in- ternational funds, banks, private sector as the effectiveness of the investment can be shown. • Conducting an analysis, if necessary, by an external consultancy, to assess whether existing city strategies are in line with current national and inter- national frameworks. • Potential national/international funding oppor- tunities for climate action in urban develop- ment can be tapped. 59
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change FIELD OF ACTION 3 MEASURES: FROM POLICY TO ACTION Strategies are only effective if they are implemented. While this seems to be obvious, often well-intended strategies fail as they do not sufficiently determine space, outputs and responsibilities in a measurable manner. To ensure the implementation of a strategy, it must include an action plan defining the area(s) of implementation, concrete and realistic measures, responsibilities, financial allocations and a proper monitoring mechanism. The most effective action plans in urban development determine spatially defined areas (e.g. neighbourhoods, important green spaces, significant transformation areas) for which tangible measures are being developed. In the process of defining measures, the involvement of key stakeholders is essential. These stakeholders can be municipal staff from line departments, civil society repre- sentatives, academia, local businesses and external experts. The measures should also be backed by political leadership such as the mayor and the council. Therefore, they should be involved in discussions from the beginning and regularly thereafter. The necessary funding for the measures should be either secured in the municipal budget or spelled out clearly if alternative funding sources are envisaged (private sector, national programmes and international funds). One of the perils of successful implementation is the lack of an effective monitoring and evaluation mechanism that is able to steer the implementation in the correct course and serve as a database for raising awareness by highlighting the effects of the strategy. Lessons learned • Climate-proof, coherent, integrated and participative planning requires time and both financial and human capacities. There are still many cities only reacting to internal and external development pressure instead of acting pre-emptively and sustainably to manage urban development. • Prioritising projects and measures will help to define focal points and realistic goals of the future city (or quarter) development and to use the resources of the city budget for the most important urban development projects. Cities that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change should focus on projects that reduce their vulnerability and increase their climate resilience. • Guidelines and checklists facilitate the inclusion and monitoring of climate change criteria in projects and measures making them comprehensive and approachable for practitioners in all implementation stages. • Local stakeholders provide information and resources that the municipality might not have, therefore their inclusion in the process can be a great asset. • As many climate change strategies require a long-term implementation process or a regional scale of implementation, the identification of smaller scale/short-term inter- ventions at early stages can work as a ‘laboratory’ for the stakeholders involved and can help the process to gain legitimacy to guarantee its continuity. 60
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Case Studies in the Sourcebook: The following Case Studies featuring this Field of Action serve as examples of climate-proof interventions with components dealing with measures that lead from policy to action. Clicking on the items will take you directly to the respective Case Studies. BALIKPAPAN, Indonesia: Waste-to-Energy Project at the Manggar Landfill NOUAKCHOTT, Mauritania: Adaptation to Climate Change Induced Flooding in Nouakchott CHENNAI, India: Eyes on the Canal – Reimagining Chennai’s Buckingham Canal CHENNAI, India: Rainwater Harvesting Initiative DA NANG, Vietnam: Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) ETHEKWINI (DURBAN), South Africa: Climate Change Adaptation: Palmiet River Catchment Rehabilitation Project ETHEKWINI (DURBAN), South Africa: Climate Resilience Implementa- tion Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) MUNICH, Germany: Redevelopment of Neuaubing- Westkreuz: Striving Towards a Sustainable and Climate-Proof Neighbourhood NUREMBERG, Germany: Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development SANTIAGO DE CHILE, Chile: Santiago Zona Verde: Green Zone for Transport in Santiago SEOUL, South Korea: Urban Adaptation: Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration and Downtown Revitalisation VITORIA-GASTEIZ, Spain: Green Belt and Green Infrastructure Strategy ZHUHAI, China: Sponge City Upgrade and Reconstruction Project of Tenghuyuan 61
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Topic Elaborate an action plan Guiding Questions • Are relevant strategies followed by an action plan? • Does the action plan define concrete and measurable projects? • Does the action plan assign responsibilities, spatial areas, and a timeframe? • Does the action plan include financial allocations and/or financial resources (see also financing below)? • Does the action plan include performance indicators, and a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system (see also M&E below)? Prioritise spatial measures • Does the action plan spatially define areas in which measures should be Foster local knowledge and private/civic engagement implemented? • Are different measures described for different/appropriate scales? If yes, are the main decision-makers of those areas backing up and participating in the design and implementation of the action plan? • Are the population, academia and relevant Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) engaged in identifying needs and determining measures? What role do they play in the process? • Does the community and private sector have a mandate/role to contribute to implementing the measures? • Are local scientific knowledge and assessments of vulnerability and emissions informing decision-making? Secure, sound financing • Are measures backed with existing funding or plans to acquire necessary Sensitise target groups funding to secure the sustainability of initiatives? • Are frameworks/conditions in place to acquire climate change specific funding (for example global funds, municipal green bonds and so on)? • Are resources from different sources and government levels being pooled to fund climate change related initiatives? • Are objectives and measures backed by funding (local budget, national transfers, private funding)? • Does the city communicate its actions, success stories and the possible behavioural changes to the public (using stories, data and so on)? • Are communities considered as stakeholders/partners in action rather than beneficiaries? • Is participation possible for all groups affected (including the most vulnerable ones)? Is civil society effectively represented? Monitor and evaluate measures • Is the strategy and the action plan followed by a monitoring system with clear responsibilities? • Is the action plan sufficiently accountable? • Are defined indicators monitoring only the management or also the concrete outcome and results? N O I T C A O T Y C I L O P M O R F : S E R U S A E M 3 N O I T C A F O D L E I F 62
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Elements/Outputs Benefits • Conducting a strenghts, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis to see which development projects in different sectors already contribute to mitigation or adaptation. • Defining concrete measures to reach the objectives of a strategy. • Implementation matrix as a road map. • Having a holistic approach with sectoral responsibilities assigned. • Establishing milestones for the project and binding deadlines. • Defining spatial focus areas in the city based on vulnerability/need for action. • Defining measures at appropriate scales: citywide, neighbourhood, building. • Identifying or diagnosing the level of commitment of the stakeholders, benefi- ciaries, policy makers of the prioritised area in order to guarantee their participation in the process. • Just as in developing strategies, developing subsequent actions with the involvement of key stakeholders. • Ensuring that information is taken into consideration during the planning process. • Action plans increase the likelihood of imple- mentation as departments, private sector and citizens know which projects, investments and behaviours can contribute to achieving objectives. • Increases ownership among involved actors as the measures are their measures. • Determining the measures at appropriate scale helps to enhance the effectiveness of a strategy due to bundling and targeted use of resources. • Residents know their environment, the short- ages and needs in their local area; thus they enhance the information needed to take the ‘right’ measures. • Creates ownership among the population. • Considering activities that are already planned and financed, thus avoiding • Measures are determined more realistically additional cost for some actions • Securing backing of leadership for measures (heads of department, mayor, council) • Indicating the funding necessary for each measure, if possible, aligning it to the budget plan. • Proposing cost-effective actions that can realistically be implemented by the actors involved, given local mandates, finances and capacities. • Identifying alternative funding sources, for example private sector, national programmes, global funds. regarding potential funding, thus also avoiding false expectations and criticism. • Given the often-strained municipal budgets, alternative funding sources such as national programmes or global funds can help to imple- ment additional measures and to strengthen the visibility of the city and national and international processes. • Showing that the city is delivering local benefits and supporting local • Creating support among local population and development priorities (roadshows, local news, social media, campaigns). businesses. • Sensitising inhabitants to the negative effects of climate change and positive changes of behaviour to mitigate or adapt, for example using energy- efficient light bulbs, keeping doors closed if air conditioning is running. • Defining actions that are measurable (for example the average transport carbon emissions for each inhabitant have been reduced by x% or x tons; the ecological condition of municipal water sources has been enhanced). • Defining responsibilities for measuring the results (departments, persons). • Establishing/determining a reporting standard and a unit that regularly evaluates the process. • Integrating the climate action indicators into existing monitoring systems to avoid creating extra burdens for project managers in line departments. • Motivating residents and private sector businesses to get involved and to invest. • Strategies tend to be most visible if they include concrete measures on neighbourhood/ building scale. • Sensitising creates low-cost benefits through behavioural change. • The benefit of the measures/their success can be easily communicated to political leadership and the local population. • External funding agencies, donors, and national government might be more inclined to provide resources. • If framework conditions change, a monitoring mechanism can provide suggestions for adapt- ing the strategy and action plan. 63
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change FIELD OF ACTION 4 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT Capacity development can take place on three levels: the individual, the organisation, and the society. Building a resilient and sustainable city through climate-proof urban development requires knowledge and awareness about the necessary processes by the individual municipal staff members, the municipality as an organisation with all sector departments and the local population. Acquiring knowledge and further qualification depends on the motivation of municipal staff, in addition to making resources available in each department to attend trainings or peer-to-peer exchanges. There is a wide range of opportunities to build capacities, as there are numerous working materials for climate adaptation and mitigation. In a nutshell, it is important to: • At individual level, spread the knowledge among municipal staff and offer formats for internal qualification. • At organisational level, understand the benefits and necessity of an integrated, cross- sectoral approach at an executive and technical level to engage all levels in elabo- rating a climate-proof approach to urban development. • At societal level, share information on climate measures and individual action in public events, campaigns or in dialogues with other cities. All three levels – the individual, the organisational and the societal – should be considered when building capacity for climate-proofing urban development. Lessons learned • The process of properly incorporating climate change challenges into implementation needs to be designed in a multi-sectoral manner, therefore capacity building needs to be done for multi-sectoral groups to bring diverse local teams to a common under- standing. • Cities face similar challenges in climate-proofing. Therefore, regular dialogues among city practitioners help to ignite action and foster the exchange of short-term advice among colleagues from different cities. • Step-by-step guidelines for integrated cross-sectoral approaches facilitate strategic planning among cities sharing the territory and across different levels of governance approaches. • Significant success can only be achieved if the residents of a city understand the importance of climate-proof development and contribute to it. 64
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Case Studies in the Sourcebook: CHENNAI, India: Eyes on the Canal – Reimagining Chennai’s Buckingham Canal The following Case Studies featuring this Field of Action serve as examples of climate-proof interventions with components dealing with capacity development. Clicking on the items will take you directly to the respective Case Studies. LEIPZIG, Germany: Integrated Urban Development Concept ‘Leipzig 2030’ CHENNAI, India: Ward-Level Integrated Greening Plan NOUAKCHOTT, Mauritania: Adaptation to Climate Change Induced Flooding in Nouakchott CHENNAI, India: Rainwater Harvesting Initiative DA NANG, Vietnam: Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) GORAKHPUR, India: Implementing and Promoting Ward-Level Micro Resilience Planning RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil: Rio Operations Centre – A Response to Extreme Climate Hazards and Other Complex Operations in an Urban Setting SANTIAGO DE CHILE, Chile: Climate-Proof Integrated Urban Development Concept in Two Neighbourhoods of Santiago de Chile VITORIA-GASTEIZ, Spain: Green Belt and Green Infrastructure Strategy 65
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Topic Guiding Questions Individual level: Create knowledge (training) among municipal staff • Does the local administration use/offer formats for internal staff qualification on climate change? • Are trainings provided for political decision-makers? • Are there any evaluations or opportunities for assessing the average level of awareness among municipal employees about the significance and importance of climate change for urban development independently of the line sector or department they work for? Organisational level: Collect and use knowledge on climate-proof urban development • Do the responsible units and leadership of the city administration collect external knowledge on climate-proof urban development, for example through platforms, conferences, city partnerships? • Does the ‘working culture’ of the organisation foster resistance to changing the business-as-usual approach? Societal level: Educate and raise awareness – share information on climate-proof urban development with inhabitants • Does the city share strategies, action plans and information on climate change and urban planning (for example public events, networks with other cities)? • Are public or private training institutions involved in capacity development on climate change in the city? • Does the city or other actors promote actions, so the population learns about measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change? Capacity building should also be undertaken bottom-up rather than top-down. • Which NGOs/civil society groups are already active in the field of capacity building? • Can their knowledge be used to organise capacity building at larger scale? T N E M P O L E V E D Y T I C A P A C 4 N O I T C A F O D L E I F 66
Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) Elements/Outputs Benefits • Fostering peer-to-peer learning within the administration by providing formats and resources and by establishing working relations with other cities. • If available, use municipal training institutes or local academic institutions or external training providers with good references. • Establishing working relations with other cities for peer-to-peer exchanges. • Communicating the need for individual training to local government associations. • Increasing the motivation of municipal staff. • Acquiring practical knowledge for leaders and staff to plan and implement climate action effectively. • Training institutions can assess the state of knowledge within the administration and adequately build up necessary capacities in a needs-based way. • Making resources available in each department to attend trainings or • Practical knowledge/experience of the benefits peer-to-peer exchanges. • Providing/organising awareness trainings/councillor induction programmes for political leadership. • Involving other cities that are already ‘climate champions’ for peer-to-peer and the necessity of an integrated, cross- sectoral approach to climate-proof urban development widens the spectrum of potential responses and spurs innovation. exchanges. • Including Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)/universities/other external actors in providing municipal staff with training and awareness raising. • Raising awareness on existing strategies within the municipality. • Addressing knowledge gaps on adaptation and mitigation, and seeking • Better informed decision-making on climate- consultancy from other cities, organisations, actors. • Developing and advancing existing knowledge sharing platforms through engagement. Examples are: global knowledge sharing platforms (for example Panorama Solutions, Global Platform for Sustainable Cities), national or multinational knowledge sharing platforms, for example the European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT), the Asia Pacific Adaptation Network, as well as independent/civil society platforms for sharing information. • Implementing governmental programmes for climate change advocacy. • Developing and implementing municipal programmes for climate change advocacy. • Communicating benefits of climate-proof urban planning through roadshows as well as through school education. • Engaging and supporting civil society organisations to provide education and information for inhabitants to raise awareness and enhance the level of knowledge among the population. • Assessing the role that weather extremes and climatic trends currently play within the local jurisdiction and describing/explaining to the public why taking prioritised measures is a fundamental element. • Introducing systems to help communities to create and build their own databases. proof urban development (not solely based on investment options). • Platforms often provide scientific knowledge and good practices, thus enabling researchers and practitioners to interact virtually. • Gaining support from the local population for local government measures. • Generating contribution from the population and businesses, for example investments, behavioural change, own adaptation measures. • Municipality should encourage bottom-up processes • Involving NGOs, civil society, universities etc. when developing trainings • Increasing ownership of local communities. • Building a critical mass of change makers and raising awareness. • Leveraging local knowledge and resources. 67
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Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Introduction to Case Study Section In the following section, the Sourcebook moves from the conceptual level to existing examples of climate-proof urban development implemented in cities around the world. Linking each case study to the Fields of Action (FOA) illustrates the applicability of the Climate-Proof Urban Development Approach (ClimPUDA) and highlights key take-aways. The case studies were jointly developed in a process between the Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) project and representatives from the respective municipalities and other organisations implementing the case study projects. This ‘collaborative spirit’ is reflected in the detail found in the case studies and in the analysis relating to the ClimPUDA Fields of Action that would not have been possible without the transparent information provided. Each case study identifies a contact person who was directly involved in that specific project in order to facilitate further exchange, which the CFCC project strongly encourages. In this way, specific questions that may not be covered by the case studies can be addressed to the persons directly involved. The section includes case studies of different types, which have been grouped as follows: 1 CFCC Project Case Studies: c Chennai, India: promoting participatory planning and creative solutions to tackle climate change to upgrade local livelihoods along urban waterways in the form of an urban design ideas competition (Fields of Action: Policies and Strategies, Measures: from Policy to Action, and Capacity Development) and: Facilitating the implementation of Chennai’s city-wide greening strategy through the preparation of a greening plan for a specific district (Fields of Action: Policies and Strate- gies, and Capacity Development). 2 CFCC International Network Case Studies from cities that have been part of the intensive knowl- edge exchange with the CFCC partner cities, for example through participation in CFCC Dialogue Forums, webinars and so on. 3 Further International Case Studies, particularly from cities in the Global South, with globally recognised good practices in the field of climate- proof urban development. the selected case studies reflect initiatives that were started in the CFCC partner cities during the project. These initiatives are fairly recent, while the other sets of case studies (2 and 3) have been running considerably longer. The sustainability of these initiatives was one key selection criteria. Therefore, most of them are institutionalised and will carry on beyond the scope of the project. The main focus areas of the respective case studies are the following: a b eThekwini (Durban), South Africa: integrating climate resilience into the city’s spatial devel- opment framework to achieve a proactive way to deal with climate risks (Fields of Action: Governance and Management, and Measures: from Policy to Action). Santiago de Chile, Chile: creating an integrated approach for climate-proof urban development by establishing a platform to enhance collabo- ration and capacity building (Fields of Action: Governance and Management, and Capacity Development). 70 Source © Felipe Diaz Borquez
Introduction to Case Study Section The good practices from the CFCC’s international network and the other international cities were of specific interest for the project and the partner cities as they showcase a wide range of topics. The aim was to include different examples to strike a balance between focusing on adaptation and mitigation, as well as an even geographical representation. Moreover, replicability was an important criterion: the main take-aways from each case study aim to inform urban practitioners about general learnings for similar activities. The case studies demonstrate how the various elements of the Fields of Action are implemented in practice and how they are all interconnected. For example, several elements of the Governance and Management Field of Action, for instance on cross-sectoral coordination, are displayed in the Da Nang (Vietnam) case study on the Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO). At the same time, the CCCO is an important institution to implement Measures and also fosters Capacity Building. Similarly, in the case study on the Rainwater Harvesting Initiative in Chennai (India), all of these three Fields of Action come into play, although the coordination in this case is achieved by an institution outside the city administration. The case studies show interventions on different scales. The cases of Leipzig (Germany) and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) concentrate on citywide actions in different fields: Rio de Janeiro implemented the Rio Operations Centre, which helps with monitoring the whole city and coordinates responses to natural hazards induced through climate change. Through a participatory process, the City of Leipzig (Germany) developed the concept ‘Leipzig 2030’ which is a citywide and cross- sectoral approach to climate-proof its development in the upcoming decade. The case of Seoul’s (Korea) restoration of the Cheonggyecheon stream is an example of a large-scale project with great amounts of funding that changed the appearance of a big area of the city. The cases of Munich (Germany) and Zhuhai (China) display interventions focusing on the regeneration or reconstruction of certain residential areas of each city (Neuaubing-Westkreuz and Tenghuyuan respectively) that integrate climate change aspects. The two case studies of Gorakpuhr (India) and the Palmiet River Catchment in eThekwini/Durban (South Africa) focus on the work with one specific community threatened by climate change impacts and what kind of measures were developed to cope with them. Malmö (Sweden) and Nouakchott (Mauritania) are two coastal cities in very different contexts but dealing with the same challenge of urban flooding. The cases show how different contexts require different approaches but also entail a number of similar measures. Balikpapan (Indonesia) is also a coastal city but this case study does not focus on adaptation to flooding, but instead on the city’s landfill waste-to-energy project to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Urban greening is an essen- tial part of climate-proof urban development and the cases of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) and Chennai (India) show what the Spanish city has accomplished over a long period of time and what Chennai is aiming for with its relatively new initiative. Furthermore, it is interesting that in terms of city action plans or concepts, the cities of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Recife (Brazil) chose to have a plan or agenda focusing on both mitigation and adaption at the same time, while in most case studies on German cities (Frankfurt am Main, Nuremburg and Stuttgart) they chose masterplans/forums/concepts with a focus on one or other of these topics rather than a single instrument for both climate change aspects. All of the case studies are unique but the common thread is the successful implementation of climate-proof urban development all over the world that supports the global struggle against climate change. 71
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Overview of all Case Studies Malmö, Sweden Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain Nouakchott, Mauritania Recife, Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Santiago de Chile, Chile 1 2 Buenos Aires, Argentinia 72
Frankfurt a.M., Germany Stuttgart, Germany Leipzig, Germany Nuremberg, Germany Munich, Germany eThekwini (Durban), South Africa 1 2 Overview of all Case Studies Seoul, South Korea Gorakhpur, India Zhuhai, China Chennai, India 1 32 Balikpapan, Indonesia 73
Cycle rickshaw in Georgetown, Chennai Source © Amina Schild 74
List of Case Studies CFCC PROJECT CASE STUDIES CHENNAI (India) – Eyes on the Canal – Reimagining Chennai’s Buckingham Canal CHENNAI (India) – Ward-Level Integrated Greening Plan ETHEKWINI (DURBAN) (South Africa) – Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) SANTIAGO DE CHILE (Chile) – Climate-Proof Integrated Urban Development Concept in Two Neighbourhoods of Santiago de Chile CFCC INTERNATIONAL NETWORK CASE STUDIES CHENNAI (India) – Rainwater Harvesting Initiative ETHEKWINI (DURBAN) (South Africa) – Climate Change Adaptation: Palmiet River Catchment FRANKFURT am Main (Germany) – Masterplan 100% Klimaschutz (Climate Change Mitigation) LEIPZIG (Germany) – Integrated Urban Development Concept ‘Leipzig 2030’ MALMÖ (Sweden) – Cloudburst Plan for Malmö MUNICH (Germany) – Redevelopment of Neuaubing-Westkreuz: Striving Towards a Sustainable and Climate-Proof Neighbourhood NUREMBERG (Germany) – Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development SANTIAGO DE CHILE (Chile) – Santiago Zona Verde: Green Zone for Transport in Santiago STUTTGART (Germany) – Climate Change Adaptation Concept (KLIMAKS) FURTHER INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES BALIKPAPAN (Indonesia) – Waste-to-Energy Project at the Manggar Landfill BUENOS AIRES (Argentina) – Climate Change Action Plan 2020 DA NANG (Vietnam) – Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) GORAKHPUR (India) - Implementing and Promoting Ward-Level Micro Resilience Planning NOUAKCHOTT (Mauritania) – Adaptation to Climate Change Induced Flooding in Nouakchott RECIFE (Brazil) – Municipal Climate Change Agenda RIO DE JANEIRO (Brazil) – Rio Operations Centre – A Response to Extreme Climate Hazards and Other Complex Operations in an Urban Setting SEOUL (South Korea) – Urban Adaptation: Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration and Downtown Revitalisation VITORIA-GASTEIZ (Spain) – Green Belt and Green Infrastructure Strategy ZHUHAI (China) – Sponge City Upgrade and Reconstruction Project of Tenghuyuan
Chennai Eyes on the Canal – Reimagining Chennai’s Buckingham Canal Location Chennai, India Background/Introduction of the city Chennai is a coastal megacity in the southeast of India on the Bay of Bengal. Presently, it is one of the most densely populated cities in India with an altitude of 14 metres above sea level. The climate is tropical with mostly hot and humid weather. Severe climate impacts - average temperature increases (max. and min.): 2.9 °C and 3.3 °C by 2100 - vulnerable to fl ooding and waterlogging due to low-lying surface and close proximity to the sea, especially after sporadic heavy rainfall events (monsoon mainly between mid-October and end of December) - droughts (especially April – June, with temperatures regularly rising to 38 °C – 42 °C), leading to water scarcity Inhabitants 7.1 million Responsible Body Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC); Urban Design Collective (UDC) Supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Project: Cities Fit for Climate Change Status Completed Duration March 2018 – March 2019 78
View of Buckingham Canal Source © Amina Schild 79
Bridge over Buckingham Canal Source © Amina Schild SUMMARY INFORMATION • Th e ‘Eyes on the Canal Open Ideas Competition’ is a participatory planning initiative that aims to fi nd solutions to improve the environmental situation of the Buckingham Canal in the south of Chennai. Feasible and creative solutions to tackle climate change and upgrade local livelihoods were sought for a 3.5 km stretch of the canal. • Th e competition takes a holistic view of the canal and is designed as an integrated exercise which was infl uenced by and targeted at experts as well as citi- zens from a multitude of backgrounds. • Th e ideas competition opens new ways of discussing and working on urban development issues in Chen- nai, promoting participatory planning to enhance public engagement. Figure 08: Diagram Showing Multitude of Interconnected Aspects for Climate-Proofi ng the Buckingham Canal, Chennai Resilience Sustain- ability Environ- ment Equity Culture People Inclusivity Built form Economy Viability Source © Urban Design Collective 80
Part of the Buckingham Canal Source © Amina Schild CONTEXT The Buckingham Canal, previously used for navigation and constituting important infrastructure for flood mitigation, is currently subject to severe pollution due to solid and liquid waste disposal. In addition, numer- ous business buildings and unplanned residential settle- ments encroach on its banks. This reduces the width of the canal and decreases its capacity as flood management infrastructure to retain floodwater in case of heavy pre- cipitation or storm surges. Moreover, the canal’s former functions offering a trading space on its waters where the local population developed their livelihood, as well as a place for recreation and belonging have been lost. The neighbourhood located next to the selected canal stretch is highly diverse in terms of social composition and land use. It features informal residential and busi- ness buildings in a poor area, a mixed middle-class area and larger information technology (IT) office buildings. In short, it creates a particular context that requires tailor-made solutions. Against this backdrop, the GIZ project Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) launched the Open Ideas Competition on Reimagining Chennai’s Buckingham Canal. The bottom-up initiative was supported by four local non-governmental organisations: The Urban Design Collective in collaboration with Agam Sei, WeBe Design Lab and the Environmentalist Foundation of India (EFI). The competition is implemented in collaboration with the Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC), the municipal administration. The initiative is supported by the CFCC project through technical inputs (conceptualisation, promotion, imple- mentation) and seed funding for the three winning teams of the competition (€11,800 – INR 1,000,000). Further financial support is expected to be leveraged through ongoing government programmes or corporate social responsibility funds, which are a mandatory pro- vision for larger companies in India. 81
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS PROCESS OF ACTION The example of the Open Ideas Competition represents The example of the Open Ideas Competition represents The example of the Open Ideas Competition represents The example of the Open Ideas Competition represents The example of the Open Ideas Competition represents The example of the Open Ideas Competition represents the Field of Action on Capacity Development on different levels: • Individual and societal: the participatory activities and the public exhibition have enhanced the awareness level and understanding of the canal and its surroundings among the neighbours and commu- nity-based institutions and their role in its renewal. • Societal: the collaboration with a group of civil society institutions is a conscious effort to develop each other’s capacity. • Political: the initiative aims at enhancing the capacity of public and political stakeholders involved in urban planning, as a new approach in Chennai. This opens an avenue for local decision makers to replicate it in future planning processes. This example also relates to the Field of Action on Policies and Strategies, as the implementation of the winning solutions is meant to feed into local decision- making, as well as corporate social responsi bility ini- tiatives and community-led interventions. In addition, this initiative will require solutions-oriented coordina- tion among various policy areas, such as urban plan- ning, regional development, ecosystems and water management. The Field of Action on Measures: From Policy to Action is also concerned as the ideas from the competition provide concrete substance for the physical transformation of the canal stretch. Th e Open Ideas Competition on Reimagining Chen- nai’s Buckingham Canal had the aim of fi nding solu- tions to tackle climate change and enhance the city’s adaptive capacity. Th e GIZ project Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) jointly with its local partners, identi- fi ed the Buckingham Canal as a suitable area of inter- vention as it has a high degree of public interest and suitable local partners were available. Also, the Canal is addressed by the government in the frame of the project of the Chennai Rivers Restoration Trust (CRRT) which implements projects focusing on the Canal as a key drainage option for fl ood water. As the implementation of the winning solutions is intended to be fed into the local government’s work, the leadership of the Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC), at the highest possible level, was informed and their approval received. After that, the implementing Non-Governmental Organisa- tions (NGOs) carried out surveys and ‘fi ve-senses- walks’, a participatory research method, to raise aware- ness among citizens on the importance of renewing the canal and to collect the opinions of experts and neigh- bours on challenges, expectations and other relevant aspects. In order to gain further interest in the competi- tion, a website as well as a social media account were launched to share awareness raising activities and related material. Besides, the CFCC project established a jury composed of national and international experts from academia and practitioners from diff erent fi elds of ‘Five-senses-walk’ along the Buckingham Canal Source © Amina Schild ‘Five-senses-walk’ along the Buckingham Canal Source © Amina Schild 82
CFCC Project Case Studies Informal settlements along a river bank Source © Amina Schild 83
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change expertise. The jury then set up the eligibility criteria for the competition. The call for proposals did not set rigid criteria regarding the nature of the ideas. Proposals were invited that covered a broad range of issues such as physical interven- tions, designs of participatory approaches, information campaigns, art projects, multi-stakeholder models for implementation, training measures, digital tools, techni- cal solutions for cleaning the canal, etc. The call for submissions included the outcomes of the surveys and ‘five-sense-walks’ and was published online as well as offline and was locally distributed by relevant stakehold- ers. The competition was open for entries for a period of 2 months and 81 entries were made until the submis- sion deadline on 23 September 2018. The jury made a shortlist of 28 entries which was shared with the local government for further engagement. Afterwards, the jury met again to select the winning ideas and an exhi- bition of all shortlisted ideas was organised in several places in the city in October 2018. In addition, the CFCC project facilitated talks and a showcasing event in November 2018 in which the win- ning teams could present and fine-tune their ideas to- gether with representatives from government, business and civil society. These discussions also allowed the three winning teams to develop follow-up assignments according to their respective awards. The showcasing event also provided the winners with useful contacts and opportunities to discuss with urban development experts from India and Germany. Moreover, the winning teams presented the final and detailed plans to decision makers and corporate representatives to widen the scope of implementation at various scales, for example through corporate social responsibility initiatives. OUTCOME As a result of the Open Ideas Competition, the impor- tance of the Buckingham Canal as a flood mitigation and ecosystem network has been promoted throughout Bridge crossing Buckingham Canal Source © Amina Schild 84
different layers of society. In addition, the relevant bodies and departments of the municipal government have been sensitised and provided with feasible options for imple- mentation. The competition is a newly introduced methodology to address the gap of public enga gement in the planning process. It shows the great potential of bottom-up interventions and how its incorporation into municipal decision-making could be realised. The com- petition provided a unique opportunity for many young professionals in the country to engage with their ideas in the Open Ideas Competition. One of the strengths of this intervention is the diversity of the involved actors, whereby mutual under standing was fostered and different perspectives were combined. Outlook The winning teams will work on the development of their ideas over a period of three months. This process is closely supported and monitored by the GIZ project Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) and the municipal government. At the same time, the municipal government has made a commitment to pick up further feasible ideas evaluated by the jury out of the pool of the Open Ideas Competition. Sources CFCC Project Case Studies TAKE-AWAYS • Opening a reflection process to a wider audience is positive, if the expectations are kept within the real possibilities. • Instead of waiting for the final approval from all in- volved actors, it is sometimes better to start the pro- cess and continuously engage the stakeholders along the way • Mediation between the bottom-up process and the city government is key for long-term success and local ownership. • The great response from architects, urban planners and other professionals shows their interest to engage and to discuss their ideas and to propose innovative solutions. • Better strategies are needed to promote the input from people of lower economic strata and profession- als employed in institutions and information tech- nology (IT) companies adjacent to the canal, as they are not familiar with the format of urban develop- ment competitions. • The local non-governmental project partners Urban Design Collective (UDC), Agam Sei and the Envi- ronmentalist Foundation of India (EFI) were espe- cially valuable due to their knowledge of the societal structure, culture and language that was essential to create interest, trust and ownership within the local population. Further information • Social media outreach is crucial for stakeholder engagement activities Website: Eyes on the Canal, Buckingham Canal Open Ideas Competition Publication: CFCC, Eyes on the Canal – Reimagining Chennai’s Buckingham Canal, 2019 Online article: The Hindu, Care for the canal, 2018 Online article: The New Indian Express, GIZ boost for Chennai’s Buckingham Canal, 2018 CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Deputy Commissioner Department of Works (infrastructure/engineering and open space development works) Greater Chennai Corporation Email: dcworks@chennaicorporation.gov.in Video: News7 Tamil, Report on Television (in Tamil), 2018 CONTACT INFORMATION OTHER RESPONSIBLE Online article: DT Next, City, Mumbai architects work on plan to revive Buckingham Canal, 2018 Urban Design Collective Email: eyesonthecanal@gmail.com BODIES 85
View over Chennai Source © Amina Schild 86
Chennai Ward-Level Integrated Greening Plan Location Chennai, India Background/Introduction of the city Chennai is a coastal megacity in the southeast of India on the Bay of Bengal. Presently, it is one of the most densely popu lated cities in India with an altitude of 14 metres above sea level. The climate is tropical with mostly hot and humid weather. Severe climate impacts - average temperature increases (max. and min.): 2.9 °C and 3.3 °C by 2100 - vulnerable to fl ooding and waterlogging due to low-lying surface and close proximity to the sea, especially after sporadic heavy rainfall events (monsoon mainly between mid-October and end of December) - droughts (especially April – June, with temperatures regularly rising to 38 °C – 42 °C), leading to water scarcity Inhabitants 7.1 Million (Greater Chennai Corporation) 509,460 (Ambattur zone VII) 43,279 (Ward 82 in Ambattur zone) Responsible Body Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC); Care Earth Trust, Chennai; Supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Project: Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) Status Ongoing Duration 9 months; 2018 87
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Figure 09: Green Cover in the Chennai Metropolitan Area for the Year 2000 and 2017 SUMMARY INFORMATION • Preparation of a greening plan for Ward 82 in order to facilitate implementation of the city-wide green- ing strategy of Chennai. Creation of a collective vision for improved green spaces meeting the com- munity needs. • Establishing of a good practice for implementing the greening plan in order to serve as a reference point for replication across the city of Chennai. • Enhancing civic engagement in planning and caring for these ‘socio-ecological spaces’. Integration of the green spaces into the urban fabric of the ward includ- ing pavements, medians, bridges, flyovers, bus shelters, private spaces, etc. CONTEXT Located on the country’s eastern coast, Chennai is at risk of extreme weather events including droughts, floods and storms accelerated by climate change. Fur- ther, climate change impacts associated with increased Source © Care Earth Trust temperatures are exacerbated in urban areas like Chen- nai due to the urban heat island effect. Over the years, Chennai city has been losing its tree cover significantly. This can be explained due to rapid urban growth and poorly planned expansion. Moreover, in December 2016, the tropical cyclone Vardah resulted in the loss of numerous trees in the city. This decrease in Chennai’s green cover has drastically reduced the city’s ability to deal with extreme weather events. Improving urban green spaces is a low-cost local strategy that can easily be implemented in cities like Chennai as it is low-scale and only needs limited institutional support. Urban green spaces contribute to the reduction of green- house gas emissions and offer several co-benefits such as reducing temperatures, improving air quality, captur- ing rainwater and replenishing groundwater. Chennai is a large metropolitan city in India comprising 15 zones and 200 wards. Presently, an Integrated Greening Plan for ward 82 in Ambattur zone (VII) is being developed. Ward 82 is a typical area in north-western Chennai, which has undergone large and rapid losses of green cover during the past few years among other things due to the construction of new housing and industrial 88
CFCC Project Case Studies Street view in Ambattur Source © Care Earth Trust development. The zone also has a number of waterbod- ies, and thus the presence of good ground cover would help in reducing soil erosion and improving the quality of runoff to these waterbodies. Care Earth Trust is a Chennai based technical non-governmental organisation that was founded in the year 2000, with the mission of, ‘Conserva- tion of biodiversity for human well-being through research, advocacy and capacity building‘. Care Earth Trust works with government agencies including the Greater Chennai Corporation (the civic body that governs the city of Chennai), local communities, business communities, NGOs, educational and research institutions and other organisations on issues related to sustainable development and environment. The Ward Level Integrated Greening Plan will be pre- pared by Care Earth Trust, Chennai, in collaboration with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Project Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) under the guidance of the Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC). The plan highlights the need to involve communities in creating a shared vision of their living environment including green spaces. It engages multiple stakeholders such as local residents, local businesses and several government departments (including public works, highways, and metro water and so on). The aim of the plan is to raise public aware- ness of the importance of urban green spaces. PROCESS The aim of the plan is to enhance green cover and urban storm water management in Ward 82. This should be realised by following an integrated urban development 89
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Figure 10: One of the Possible Design Interventions for Urban Greening and Stormwater Management Source © Care Earth Trust Figure 11: Ward-Wise Percentage Vegetation Cover in Ambattur Zone r e v o c n o i t a t e g e v e g a t n e c r e p 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Total ward no. Source © Care Earth Trust 90
CFCC Project Case Studies Potential space for urban greening in Ambattur Source © Care Earth Trust 91
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Colourful local houses in Chennai Source © Amina Schild RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The urban greening plan for Ward 82 touches upon The urban greening plan for Ward 82 touches upon The urban greening plan for Ward 82 touches upon The urban greening plan for Ward 82 touches upon various Fields of Action, however, it is most strongly linked to the ones on Policies and Strategies and Capacity Building. It focuses on the lowest administra- tive unit within the city thus providing an example of how a city-wide strategy can be broken down into a more implementable plan. Furthermore, it can then be scaled up by replicating the ward-level greening plan in other wards of the city. The case study also provides capacity development for different levels. On the political level, the plan show- cases how to break down city-wide initiatives and bring planning to ward-level. This provides a learning opportunity for detailed planning and implementation. On the societal level, the involvement of different stakeholder groups such as citizens, public adminis- tration and private sector working together to create a common vision is a rather new process in India and therefore builds capacity in participatory processes. On the individual level, the residents are made aware of the importance of urban greenery. Furthermore, they are also engaged in creating and maintaining a more liveable environment for themselves. 92 Source © Amina Schild
CFCC Project Case Studies approach, analysing the different sectors that are di- rectly and indirectly involved. It is important that the plan is aligned to the city’s development policies and strategies to ensure long-term perspective and planning. When developing the plan, the needs and priorities of the community are key. It is envisaged that the Ward- Level Integrated Greening Plan will form the basis for developing a citywide urban greening strategy. A detailed plan would enable the Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) to invest in target group oriented, relevant spac- es. Furthermore, the successful project implementation in the Ward would encourage and convince the GCC of the benefits of scaling up the project in other wards of Chennai. The development of an integrated urban greening plan includes the following components • Surveying and compiling existing data. Mapping and rapid assessment of existing and potential public/ green urban spaces for interventions aimed towards greening and reducing heat islands, and acting as natural storm-water catchments and augmenting the ground water. • Concentrating on exemplary focus areas in the Ward and developing an integrated greening plan in cooperation with stakeholders including local com- munities. • Presentation of results and dissemination to the public and city administration. EXPECTED OUTCOMES The expected project outcomes include the following: • Creation of different plans (i.e.: functions, property situation, existing green spaces, street grid etc.) which are illustrating the current situation of the ward. • Development of a greening concept including a plan in the resolution 1:10,000, a planting concept for new trees and geo-referenced plans which can be used in public Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and open data applications. • Once this approach has been successfully imple- mented for Ward 82, the Greater Chennai Corpora- tion expressed its interest in multiplying this approach for further wards of the city. TAKE-AWAYS Although the project is at a nascent stage, a few essential aspects can be highlighted: • Citizen participation is crucial when designing and maintaining urban green spaces. • A detailed integrated plan of green infrastructure should include permeable surfaces, green roofs, rain gardens, street trees and so on. • Starting to plan and implement a small-scale project (ward-level) can be useful as a testing ground before upscaling a project. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Greater Chennai Corporation Deputy Commissioner Works Email: dcworks@chennaicorporation.gov.in Care Earth Trust Dr Jayshree Vencatesan Email: jvencatesan@gmail.com Sources Further information Website: Care Earth Trust 93
eThekwini (Durban) Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) Location eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality (City of Durban), South Africa Background/Introduction of the city Alongside the Indian Ocean and located in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality is the third largest city in South Africa. The Municipality spans an area of ap- proximately 2,555 km2. It is made up of a long and narrow coastal plain running north and south for 80 km with an altitude ranging from 8 m to 23 m and a hilly interior west of the coastline reaching up to 790 m in the outer west. EThekwini has a diverse society which faces various social, economic, environmental and governance challenges. Severe climate impacts - Prone to fl ooding in low-lying / coastal areas with several fl ood events in 2008 and 2017 - Droughts; Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) in densely populated areas - Sea-level rise and storm surges damage coastal infrastructure and assets - Poor air quality and pollution in the industrial basin in the south of Durban Inhabitants 3.5 Million eThekwini Municipal area (2011 census) Responsible Body eThekwini Municipality (Department of Development, Planning, Environment and Management) Supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Project: Cities Fit for Climate Change 94 Status Realised Duration 2016–2018
Durban beachfront and ‘Golden Mile’ Source © Helene Epstein 95
Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban Source © Amina Schild SUMMARY INFORMATION • Th e Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) is a means for integrating the Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS) and the city’s Spatial Development Framework (SDF) through an itemised action plan. • Th e CRISP refl ects climate resilient actions that are spatially relevant across ten sector themes. Th ose actions need to be managed and implemented by the sector departments. • Th is encourages more collaboration between various departments and actors and requires dealing with climate risk in a more proactive and productive manner. CONTEXT Th e eTh ekwini Municipality (Durban is part of the Municipality) has been a leader for local climate change response in South Africa and globally. However, this has not always resulted in visible actions. Firstly, even though climate change integration is visible at strategic planning levels this is not always easily translated into operations and projects. Secondly, climate risk has not RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION This case study mainly relates to the Field of Action on Measures: from Policy to Action. The Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) provides a list of climate resilience actions for the municipality that is relevant for implemen- tation and draws from the Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS) and the Spatial Development Framework (SDF); both high level strategic documents. In terms of other Fields of Action, its coordination through the multi-tier municipal climate change governance structure also relates to the Governance and Management Field of Action. In practice it shows the connected nature of the different Fields of Action. 96
Kwa Mashu Township in the North of Durban Source © Amina Schild been fully integrated into sector risk profiles and subse- quently not included in spatial plans. Thirdly, the de- velopment context of the city, with its high levels of poverty, informality and pressure for basic services across urban, peri-urban, and rural areas complicates govern- ance requirements. Therefore, the municipality needs to look at urban planning and development in an inte- grated way by adding a climate lens to its development perspective. The Spatial Development Framework (SDF) is the primary spatial planning tool of the city and represents the spatial response to the development needs and development vision of the municipality. Therefore, it is an important tool for managing urban growth and promoting integrated, inclusive, compact and resilient development. The Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) pro- vides a starting point for integrating climate sensitive spatial planning into the SDF. PROCESS The development of the Climate Resilience Implemen- tation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) was led by the eThekwini Municipality’s Strategic Spatial Planning Branch, together with the Climate Protection Branch and the Energy Office supported by the GIZ project Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) project and local experts. The approach taken to develop the CRISP included the following steps: • Review of the Spatial Development Framework (SDF) to determine the extent and adequacy of exist- ing provisions for climate change. • Development of a detailed analysis report that con- sidered the city’s strategic climate change plans and the implications for spatial planning. • Consultations with key municipal stakeholders and interactive workshop sessions. Stakeholders included municipal officials representing Spatial Planning and Land Use Management; Coastal, Storm Water and Catchment Management; Water and Sanitation; En- 97
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Due to its location eThekwini (Durban) is prone to climate change impacts in lower coastal areas Source © Amina Schild 98
CFCC Project Case Studies 99
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change vironmental Planning and Climate Protection, the Energy Office and Transport sectors; and others. • Specific spatial responses were identified according to the Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS) themes. • Recommendations were included in the SDF and its respective lower order plans and sector proposals. The process was guided by a Project Steering Commit- tee made up of the relevant stakeholders and governed by the lead departments within the municipality; name- ly, the Strategic Spatial Planning Branch (responsible for SDF), the Energy Office and the Climate Protection Branch (responsible for the coordination of climate change planning for the City including the DCCS). The Steering Committee was supported technically by a local expert service provider. The Committee met at various intervals to evaluate outputs and project milestones to improve or change direction where required. This con- sensus building spirit is common in South African government organisations. OUTCOME The result of the development process was an Analysis Report followed by the Final Recommendations to be included in the Spatial Development Framework (SDF) along with a list of sector-based implementation actions and projects. Narratives for the respective recommenda- tions were written into the sector chapters in the SDF and the itemised list of actions and projects was attached to the SDF as an annexure. The final SDF for the 2017 – 2018 financial year containing the climate relevant edi- tions was approved by the City Council in May 2017, and subsequently gazetted. This provided the official mandate for relevant departments to implement or act accordingly to address climate change related risks faced by the Municipality. Updates to the list of projects are undertaken as part of the annual review of the city’s SDF. In this way the Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) can contribute to the spa- tial resilience and spatial transformation of the city. In some cases the actions of the CRISP influence and create the need to modify plans, in others the actions comple- ment existing plans and initiatives. This encourages more collaboration between various city departments and actors. Furthermore, it requires dealing with climate Informal settlements on Kennedy Road Source © Johnny Miller 100
CFCC Project Case Studies Table 03: Example for the Energy Sector: One of the Objectives is to Develop a Renewable Energy Potential Map Project Name Project Description Renewable energy potential map Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Precinct Planning Update land use scheme to accommodate small scale renewable energy installations. Initiate a research project that develops a map of Renewable Energy potential for Durban. The map should build on existing renewable energy potential maps that have been produced for Durban, such as the wind poten- tial map, and extract Durban relevant information from the national renewable energy potential map that has been produced. The Renewable Energy potential map should identify priority precincts for renewable energy generation which can then be incorporated into the Spatial Development Framework (SDF). It should be noted, however, that renewable energy developments, such as wind turbine projects, need to be assessed on a site by site basis and require approval via different statutory requirements such as Environmental Assessments. Initiate a project to develop a set of Energy Efficiency guidelines for a precinct plan which can then be used to guide energy efficiency planning for other precincts. This should be included in the Terms of Reference for the next precinct plan done by consultants. Initiate a project to update the land use scheme to accommodate small scale renewable energy. A research report was completed on how to accommodate small scale renewable energy in the land use scheme by The Planning Initiative entitled: Recommendations and Clarifi- cation of Development Applications for Renewable Energy Installations in eThekwini Municipality. This report can be used as the starting point for the project. Responsible departments Energy Office Estimated budget ZAR100,000 2017/ 2018 2018/ 2019 X 2019/ 2020 X Strategic Spatial Planning Land Use Management; Energy Office ZAR0 – incorporated in existing Precinct Plan budget ZAR0, conducted in house X Source © adapted from eThekwini Municipality, 2017 Field trip in Kwa Mashu township, eThekwini Municipality Source © Amina Schild 101
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Aerial view of Durban Source © Felix Volgmann risk in a more proactive and productive manner. To further enhance collaboration, implementing the CRISP is co-ordinated through the city’s established climate change governance structures developed as part of its Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS) imple- mentation framework. Included in this governance structure is the Municipal Climate Change Committee chaired by the eThekwini mayor, the DCCS Technical Task team (strategic) and the DCCS Sub-Committee (operational). The technical task team and its sub- committee are cross sectoral by nature and made up of key municipal departments and champions that repre- sent the major themes and sectors in the DCCS, such as water, biodiversity, economic development, energy and so on. Examples of such actions include: • Identification of open space areas that provide flood mitigation services. • Update land use schemes to accommodate renewable energy installations. • Amend land use schemes to incorporate mitigation measures for buildings to respond to increasing heat. • Establish a working group to identify areas to which coastal infrastructure at risk could be relocated in the long term. 102
• Identify priority transport nodes, priority feeder routes, priority stations and transport corridors and promote the facilitation of densification around these transport nodes and stations. • Identify approaches to facilitating the uptake of green services and products. • Set up a technical committee to coordinate climate change response in the Municipality. • Support climate change focused research A further consultative workshop was held with key stakeholders to monitor implementation progress and identify any barriers and complementing actions to support implementation. A number of additional bilat- eral meetings were held with key sector departments to facilitate the implementation of the recommended actions. Implementation of the Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) is an ongoing process coordinated through the Strategic Spatial Planning Branch and supported by the Techni- cal Task Team and its sub-structures as part of the im- plementation of the DCCS. TAKE-AWAYS • Ensuring momentum of the project through collec- tive responsibility for implementation and avoiding changes in the core team. Champions are needed in each sector of the municipality to drive climate change related proposals and actions. • Upfront buy-in and consensus needs to be built between planning and implementing departments. Understanding the lead department and building support mechanisms around the lead department are essential for good cooperation. • Creation of relevant steering bodies is important to continue support and guidance to implementation while this should be streamlined into existing govern- ing bodies to avoid overburdening actors. • Financing of climate actions through city budgets needs to consider an integrated approach. Smart actions have multiple co-benefits or the ability to leverage impact; in contrast to actions that compete for resources. CFCC Project Case Studies • Actions need to be based on evidence. Strong moti- vations are required for decision-making processes. Provisions need to be made for prioritisation of actions and subsequent modification or change of direction where relevant. • Practitioners need specific implementation tools to help them translate the actions into tangible out- comes, for example changes to land use planning schemes and precinct plans. • Solutions for climate change need to address multi- ple issues for a city and cannot exclusively respond to climate risk. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Contact for Spatial Development Framework: Strategic Spatial Planning Branch Helene Epstein Tel.: +27-31 3117450 Email: Helene.Epstein@durban.go.v.za Contact for Durban Climate Change Strategy Climate Protection Branch (adaptation): Nongcebo Hlongwa Email: Nongcebo.Hlongwa@durban.gov.za Energy Office (Mitigation): Itumeleng Masenya Email: Itumeleng.Masenya@durban.gov.za Sources Further information Publication: CFCC, ‘From Policy to Action’ – Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) for the eThekwini Municipality, 2019 Website: eThekwini Municipality, Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS), 2015 Document: eThekwini Municipality, Spatial Development Framework (SDF), 2018 103
Santiago de Chile Climate-Proof Integrated Urban Development Concept in Two Neighbourhoods of Santiago de Chile Location Santiago de Chile (Metropolitan Region) Background/Introduction of the city Santiago de Chile, the capital lies in a valley fl anked by the Andes to the east and the Chilean Coastal Range to the west. It experiences considerable tectonic activity. The city, which is a metropolitan region, is at an altitude of 556 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts - Water scarcity (frequent water cuts due to drought events) - Heat island effect (particularly in central and southern areas of the Metropolitan region)- Flooding (recurrent fl oods in different areas of the city) Inhabitants 142,079 (Municipality of Providencia) 404,495 (Municipality of Santiago) 7,036,792 (Metropolitan Region) Responsible Body Urban Development Department of the Municipality of Providencia and the Municipality of Santiago, National Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Department Supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusam- menarbeit (GIZ), Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) project Status Implemented Duration mid-2016 to mid-2019 104
Plaza Baquedano in Santiago de Chile Source © Felipe Diaz Borquez 105
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change View over Santiago Source © Kilian Christ SUMMARY INFORMATION • The GIZ project Cities Fit for Climate Change facilitated the creation of a Metropolitan Climate Change Platform (MCCP) comprising a wide range of actors from civil society as well as local, regional and national governments with the goal of designing and implementing climate-proof urban development actions in the metropolitan area of Santiago de Chile. • The work undertaken in the MCCP evolved into a toolbox on ‘climate-proof integrated planning’, which helps to establish a systematic and joint pro- cess facilitating the development of a climate-proof integrated urban development concept. The Municipality of Providencia and the neighbourhood Matadero – Bio Bio – Franklin, which is located in the Municipality of Santiago, are situated within the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile and to- gether they started a process on climate-proof inte- grated planning. • Lessons learned during the platform processes were disseminated in eight additional cities. Furthermore, a workshop for 11 cities was organised where mayors were invited to exchange experiences about chal- lenges in order to steer the process of moving towards participatory and integrated climate-proof city planning. 106
CFCC Project Case Studies CONTEXT e integration of climate change action into urban development strategies in Chile was a process that directly connected the national and the local level in the metropolitan region of Santiago de Chile: therefore, the process did not pass through the regional/provincial level. e governance challenge for Santiago de Chile is that as a metropolitan region it is composed of 37 independent municipalities, such as the Municipality of Providencia and the Municipality of Santiago, in which the neighbourhood Matadero – Bio Bio – Frank- lin is located. Additionally, there were very few connec- tions between climate change eff orts and urban develop- ment actions. Moreover, urban planning in Chilean cities still lacks integrated urban development approach- es. Lastly, Santiago de Chile is a metropolitan region with strong social and economic inequalities which are refl ected, for instance, in unequal levels of, and access to, urban services. Against this background, the Metropolitan Climate Change Platform (MCCP) was established for diff erent actors to coordinate their eff orts towards innovative urban development including climate change consid- erations. e MCCP brought together municipal prac- titioners, policy makers from diff erent sectors and dif- ferent institutional levels (municipal, regional, national), academia, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the private sector. It allowed the identifi cation of specifi c needs to move towards holistic planning and to change patterns of institutional culture. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The priority of the Metropolitan Climate Change Platform (MCCP) was to bring together actors and enhance collaboration to create an integrated approach for climate-proof urban development. Moreover, training helped foster capacity building among the representatives of the departments involved. Integrated climate-proof planning facilitates the definition of a holistic city development concept using the Fields of Action to analyse climate change aspects. The examples of Providencia and the Matadero – Bio Bio – Franklin neighbourhood focused on aspects of the Fields of Action on Governance and Management, and Capacity Development. Providencia workshop Source © Andrea Palma 107
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change PROCESS During the implementation of the Cities Fit for Climate Change (CFCC) project in the metropolitan region of Santiago, the focus was put on fi nding strategies to move from policy to action. In this process, the Metropolitan Climate Change Platform (MCCP) was designed as a cross-sectoral hub to bring together key actors respon- sible for climate-proof urban planning. Th e MCCP was developed from the second half of 2016 to May 2017. It comprised practitioners from the following Ministries (a) Housing and Urban Development (Spanish: Minis- terio de Vivienda y Urbanismo – MINVU), (b) Envi- ronment (Spanish: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente - MMA) and (c) Transport (Spanish: Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones – MTT), and from the Municipalities of Providencia and Santiago, as well as advisory bodies, such as the National Council for Urban Development (Spanish: Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano – CNDU) and the Climate Change Division of the Ministry of Environment. In addition, the University of Chile (Spanish: Universidad de Chile), the Pontifi cal Catholic University of Chile (Spanish: Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile), the Diego Portales University (Spanish: Universidad Diego Por- tales) and actors from the private sector were part of the process. According to local requirements, specifi c topics, such as integrated mobility planning and developing climate change scenario models for specifi c neighbourhoods were addressed in the MCCP. Th ese two topics were also part of a city-to-city exchange in which practitioners from the City of Leipzig (Germany) shared their expe- riences on mobility and integrated planning. Addition- ally, with the contribution of the German Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (German: Helm- holtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung) a graphical climate change scenario model of a specifi c area in Santiago de Chile was developed. A key product that evolved out of the MCCP was the toolbox on ‘climate-proof integrated planning’. Th e toolbox captured the MCCP process and aimed at strengthening the link between climate change and ur- ban development in future planning processes. In order to develop the toolbox further and generate fi rst hand experiences in its application, two areas were proposed by the stakeholders of the MCCP: 1) the commercial 108
CFCC Project Case Studies Aerial view of Santiago downtown Source © Santiago municipality 109
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Providencia workshop Source © Andrea Palma Matadero workshop Source © Andrea Palma downtown area of the Municipality of Providencia and 2) Matadero – Bio Bio – Franklin, the ancient and tra- ditional slaughterhouse neighbourhood located in the Municipality of Santiago. The application of the toolbox was led by the Municipality of Providencia (local level) with strong leadership by its mayor. The second area was led by the MINVU (national level) in coordination with the Municipality of Santiago (local level). The start- ing point was to test the guidance provided by the tool- box in these two specific areas: i. Municipality of Providencia – Integrated climate-proof urban development promoted by regeneration of the public space: The municipality highlights a paradigm shift from sectoral to integrated urban development. The team seeks to improve the standards in urbanism by promoting inter-modality in mobility, prioritising a ‘people-focus’ rather than a ‘means of transport- focus’ and mainstreaming climate-proofing aspects into planning. ii. Matadero – Bio Bio – Franklin - Policy implementation based on integrated urban development programmes: The work of MINVU in the context of historic neighbourhoods served as a basis for improving the access to and the urbanism standards in areas such as urban services, green areas, mobility, connectivity and infrastructure, as well as promoting mixed use of space and sustainability of housing. The process described in the toolbox proposed three phases and suggests some milestones that, depending on the city context and the particularities of the area of intervention, can be used to develop a climate-proof integrated urban concept. During the first phase (the preparation phase), working groups were established to define a work plan. In the second phase, which focuses on the concept design, the working groups analysed the situation, developed a vision for climate-proof city development, followed by the definition of strategies and actions needed to be implemented in a given time- frame. The objective was to come up with a climate- proof city vision referred to as ‘The city we want’, accompanied by a list of prioritised actions to achieve that goal. Finally, in the third phase, the preparation for implementation begins with a concrete definition of costs and an operative plan to adequately monitor the process. Overall, the process promotes a multisectoral and multilevel approach. This is changing the whole planning processes in Chile, as they had a sectoral approach. The following figure summarises the three phases previ- ously described, and the seven basic steps proposed to incorporate climate-proof criteria into the process of urban planning with an integrated approach. 110
CFCC Project Case Studies Figure 12: Overview of the Toolbox’s Process on Climate-Proof Integrated Urban Development Concept 1. PREPARATORY PHASE 2. CONCEPT DESIGN PHASE 3. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE Climate-Proof Integrated Urban Development Step a: Definition of Actors and Roles Assign Step b: Planning the Design Process Considering climate vulnerabilities responsibles and working groups Step c: Analysis & Diagnosis Considering the hazards of climate change Step d: Vision & Objectives Create a city image Step f: Implementation Plan Defining steps for the implementation of projects and Step g: Monitoring Including climate actions change mitigation and adaptation indicators Source © CFCC Step e: Definition of Actions Prioritising climate actions OUTCOME Overall, the toolbox provides entry points for incorpo- rating climate-proof urban development aspects into the usual planning processes. This could be done by analysing climate vulnerabilities in a certain area and by considering climate-proof solutions as part of planning strategies in an early stage. It provides guidance for a comprehensive analysis of city development from a holistic, integrated perspective rather than a sectoral approach. It helps to analyse information related to a specific area and uses information to support planning and decision-making for this area. Through the joint workshops of the Metropolitan Climate Change Plat- form (MCCP), different stakeholders were engaged stimulating involvement of different sectors, levels of government and citizens. The participants were able to build a multilevel network. The toolbox is not only a technical tool it goes even further as with the MCCP it stimulates a participatory urban development approach. Collaboration is needed in order to be able to respond to climate change chal- lenges. This contribution was particularly valuable in the Chilean context because it was a new way to approach integrated urban planning. According to the Chilean legal framework, the local level is the decision- making authority on planning instruments, however, the national level provides the funds. In the absence of a common and publicly known strategic concept the participation of other actors, such as the private sector and civil society, is still a challenge. Internally, each level of government works in their own silos, which makes coordination among different levels difficult. Having an integrated approach and the opportunity to experience the MCCP enabled Chilean actors to learn about all ongoing initiatives in a specific area and to develop common strategies to respond to common chal- lenges. Matadero – Bio Bio – Franklin was a good case to understand the need for having a strategic concept to coordinate and group several actions happening in parallel to achieve a specific common goal. In the Municipality of Providencia, the toolbox and the MCCP facilitated an understanding of the importance of strategic planning and the role of political leadership to access international funds. Overall, the MCCP supported the creation of a national climate-proof cities policy. Overall multisectoral work- ing groups facilitated discussions about specific topics in Chile and promoted a city-to-city exchange between German and Chilean cities. Lessons learned from German cities facilitated the understanding of the im- portance of promoting compact cities and facilitating mixed use of the land. Additionally, social integration and strategies to improve the level of urbanism, like urban services and green areas in marginalised areas was also a key element of the integrated approach. 111
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 112 Source © Felipe Diaz Borquez
CFCC Project Case Studies CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY The Metropolitan Climate Change Platform was implemented in the framework of the Cities Fit for Climate Change project. The urban development concepts were managed by: Maria Jose Castillo Municipality of Providencia Email: mjcastillo@providencia.cl Andrés Vargas Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (MINVU) Email: aivargas@minvu.cl Sources Further information Publication: CFCC, Cambio Climático en Planificación Urbana Integrada (in English: Climate Change in Integrated Urban Planning), 2019 Document: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Plan de adaptación al cambio climático para ciudades 2018 – 2022 (in English: National Climate-Proof Cities Policy 2018 – 2022), 2018 Website: Municipalidad de Providencia, Movilidad Urbana Sostenible (in English: Sustainable Urban Mobility), 2015 Website: Ilustre Minicipalidad de Santiago, Santiago firmó convenio para la Regeneración de Barrios Históricos (in English: Santiago signs agreement for the Regeneration of Historic Neighborhoods), 2018 Furthermore, practitioners replicated the innovative planning process of the toolbox and the lessons learned from the MCCP in other projects. For example, as a scaling-up process in the Municipality of Providencia, two further climate-proof integrated urban develop- ment strategies were developed. In the case of Mata- dero – Bio Bio – Franklin, the project will be replicated in five other regions of the country that participate in the Regeneration of Historic Neighbourhoods Programme of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (Spanish: Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo – MINVU). TAKE-AWAYS Examples of such actions include: • The experiences in Providencia and Matadero – Bio Bio – Franklin showed the value of approaching urban planning through a specific area of the city, as it allowed them to identify existing projects and to address specific climate change issues. • Working with stakeholders committed to building a network in existing projects eased their daily work due to the more integrated coordination with various stakeholders from different kinds of institutions. • Collaborative, multisectoral and multilevel coordina- tion – facilitated by GIZ through the Metropolitan Climate Change Platform (MCCP) – was vital. • It was necessary to have a neutral actor, such as the GIZ project Cities Fit for Climate Change, that was able to facilitate and to bring together the different kind of actors and particularly to steer the process in the initial steps. • Sharing a climate-proof integrated urban develop- ment concept is crucial to lead the process of urban development. • The absence of a joint vision for the city made it difficult for a steering process to move towards climate-proof development. • It is necessary to raise awareness about the possibil- ity of designing an urban development concept that can lead the transformation towards a climate-proof city. 113
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change CFCC International Network Case S Malmö, Sweden Santiago de Chile, Chile 114
CFCC International Network Case Studies CFCC International Network Case Studies e Studies Frankfurt a.M., Germany Stuttgart, Germany Leipzig, Germany Nuremberg, Germany Munich, Germany Chennai, India eThekwini (Durban), South Africa 115
Street view in Chennai’s T Nagar district Source © Amina Schild 116
Chennai Rainwater Harvesting Initiative Location Chennai, India Background/Introduction of the city Chennai is a coastal metropolis in the south-east of India, on the Bay of Bengal. The climate of Chennai is tropical with mostly hot and humid weather. The city is at an altitude of 14 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Heavy rains (especially due to the north-east monsoon, mainly between mid-October and end of December) Dry spells (especially between April and June, when temperatures regularly rise to 38–42 °C) Inhabitants 7.1 Million Responsible Body Akash Ganga Trust (Non-Governmental Organisation, NGO) and the Rain Centre (Chennai) Status Ongoing Duration since 2002 with permanent nature 117
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change SUMMARY INFORMATION • The Akash Ganga Trust and the Rain Centre promote rainwater harvesting (RWH) for more sustainable water management using a bottom-up approach and engaging with decision makers. • The interventions are focused on campaigning, lob- bying and capacity building addressing a wide range of stakeholders including local and state policy makers to promote inter-sectoral mainstreaming of RWH. • Despite running on a very tight budget and minimal staff capacity, this innovative initiative has become a role model replicated in other cities in India and Sri Lanka. CONTEXT Chennai faces the twin problems of flooding during the monsoon season and drought during the dry season. In the past, rainwater was able to percolate into the aquifers close below the surface which served as a freshwater source for many residents. However, buildings and street paving have largely sealed the surfaces making them impervious and preventing rainwater from recharging the aquifers. In addition, in coastal areas with sandy beaches, the intrusion of saline water into the ground- water further exacerbates the problem. In general, increasing water resilience in the urban ecosystem does not receive sufficient attention in Chennai. In 2018, the situation in Chennai became particularly dire, as it did for the whole of India. There is a shortfall of roughly 125 million litres of water a day that the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) cannot provide. Hence, there is a need to transport water daily from external sources to Chennai with about 4,000 private water tankers. This results in the depletion of groundwater sources in agri- cultural areas. However, many people in Chennai are completely dependent on this water transport. The rainwater harvesting initiative aims at responding to this problem by promoting sustainable water manage- Figure 13: Drawing of a Rainwater Harvesting System for a Group of Multi-Storeyed Apartment Complexes terrace rainwater pipes pipe gate gutter bore well baffle wall recharge wells recharge wells recharge wells Source © Akash Ganga Trust 118
ment. Its two leading actors are the Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) Akash Ganga Trust and the Rain Centre, a one-stop information and assistance centre on rainwater harvesting (RWH), which was created and is managed by the Trust. As a community eff ort, the ini- tiative targets the entire civil society of Chennai as its main benefi ciary. Th e project runs on a small annual budget of INR 700,000 (around €8,180) and is fi nanced by private donations, companies, the Indian NGO, Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), and Arghyam, a grant making foundation. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The Akash Ganga Trust and the Rain Centre use a bottom-up approach strongly referring to the Field of Action on Capacity Development. Capacity building has been realised on the following levels: • Individual: through one-to-one consulting of individuals interested in rainwater harvesting (RWH) • Societal: by spreading the idea of RWH in educa- tional institutions, • Political: by advising decision makers in inter- sectoral working groups. By attending inter-sectoral working groups with the aim of sensitising different stakeholders about the possibilities of RWH, the Rain Centre is fostering coherence among a range of sectors on the city level (Field of Action on Governance and Management). By proposing concrete measures like the mandatory establishment of RWH facilities on each house, getting political commitment on these measures on a high level and providing guidance on implementation, the Rain Centre is touching the Field of Action on Measures: From Policy to Action. PROCESS Th e aim of the rainwater harvesting initiative is to pro- vide a solution to the shortage of accessible freshwater resulting in aquifer depletion and saline water intrusion. A few years prior to establishing the Rain Centre, Dr Raghavan started to raise awareness by going door to door informing people about the depletion and salinisa- CFCC International Network Case Studies Figure 14: Collecting Capacity of Rainwater Harvesting, Chennai 1 inch of rainfall on a 2,000 sqft roof collects 4,731 litres of rain water Source © Akash Ganga Trust 119
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Local workers are digging the ground for a recharge well alongside the road and close to the sea Source © Akash Ganga Trust Construction of a recharge well meant to inject rainwater into the soil Source © Akash Ganga Trust 120
CFCC International Network Case Studies tion of groundwater in the coastal neighbourhood of Besant Nagar. Following which, in 2001 the state government of Tamil Nadu created a high-level com- mittee with representatives from all different state de- partments to learn, discuss and mainstream the issue of rainwater harvesting (RWH). In August 2002, the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu inaugurated the Rain Centre. Shortly after, the state government incorpo- rated an amendment to the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Building Rules Act to include rainwater considerations. This helped the Rain Centre to establish the first connections with the municipal and state authorities, such as the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB), the Chennai Corporation and the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD). In 2002, the newly created Akash Ganga Trust launched Chennai’s Rain Centre to promote harvesting every drop of rainwater either for immediate use or for recharging aquifers, and to enhance awareness among citizens about this technique. In 2003, strongly supported on a high political level by the then Chief Minister Ms Jayalalitha, the state of Tamil Nadu amend- ed the laws relating to the state’s municipalities, making rainwater harvesting mandatory for all government and privately-owned buildings. In Chennai, the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) was responsible for checking for RWH facilities in order to approve building permits. As the state faced very poor adherence to the new law, the CMWSSB was put in charge to ensure implementation through a rigorous campaign connecting breaking the new law to being cut off from municipal water supply and sewage collection. After implementing these drastic measures, the municipal government claimed a 99% compliance with the law. Due to a change in the state government, resulting in lower interest in the issue, between 2006 and 2011 the Rain Centre lost influence over policy making and focused instead on awareness raising activities. This included conducting workshops about RWH for plan- ners, builders, architects, private households and skilled service contractors in Chennai and in surrounding cities. In 2011, the Rain Centre advised the state government to create the Sustainable Water Security Mission through bi-monthly meetings and designed 15 pilot projects on RWH and 10 on greywater reuse. Additionally, in 2013, the Rain Centre carried out an audit, also commissioned by the state government, on RWH compliance to assess the impact of RWH at the grassroots level during the previous 10 years. In 2015, the Rain Centre came up with a set of recom- mendations to be incorporated into a handbook with regulations for the construction sector published by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. In the same year, the Rain Centre started monthly measure- ments of the water levels of 88 open wells across Chen- nai. The ongoing project aims to combine the measure- ments with soil properties to identify the most suitable locations to establish RWH facilities, to intensify aware- ness raising, and to better understand the potential of the shallow aquifers. Since 2018 the RWH approach has been taken to a higher level by implementing it on roads, where recharge wells are installed in places where water collects and stagnates. OUTCOME The Akash Ganga Trust and the Rain Centre have placed the issue of rainwater harvesting (RWH) on the govern- mental agenda as a sustainable solution to water man- agement and to tackling the freshwater scarcity problem. Concretely, RWH has become part of the official plan- ning process for the municipal level in the state of Tamil Nadu. With regard to awareness raising, RWH has been promoted in two languages (English and Tamil) to a wide range of audiences, including citizens, school and university students, technical experts, architects, con- struction companies, policy-makers and municipal institutions of Chennai, other cities and other states. As a result, the interest from citizens and public institutions has grown rapidly, particularly after extreme drought or heavy rain events. Other Indian States have been inspired by the successes in Tamil Nadu and have included RWH considerations in their laws and regulations. In addition, the Akash Ganga Trust has provided advice to create similar Rain Centres in Delhi and Colombo, Sri Lanka. Also, the 121
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Rain Centre has supported the implementation of RWH structures in several residential and high-rise apartment buildings. Lastly, it has carried out studies and surveys regarding compliance with RWH regula- tions, the impacts of RWH and feasibility reports to explore possibilities of harvesting rainwater in specific locations. The future plans of the Rain Centre include further promoting RWH into urban development legislation to make the existence of an open well attached to each building mandatory in order to ensure that only aquifers close to the surface are tapped enabling the deeper ones to regenerate. Other plans are to carry out audits in schools and multi-storeyed buildings to help manage freshwater sources sensibly, increase the focus on grey- water recycling and ecological sanitation, publish a user’s guide for implementing RWH and advance the implementation of RWH on roads. As a long-term vision, the Trust aspires to replicate RWH initiatives in other coastal cities with sandy soil. To achieve this the Rain Centre requires new incoming funds to continue the capacity building work and a successor to Dr Raghavan to prevent the loss of knowledge. TAKE-AWAYS • Local governments are vital for upscaling rainwater harvesting (RWH) and dedicating a department to the issue would help to further mainstream the issue across all city departments. • The interest in RWH of the political party and the politicians in government has been essential for the collaboration with the Rain Centre and the Akash Ganga Trust. • Interest in RWH among citizens is strongly con- nected to the occurrence of extreme drought and rain events, especially in areas not covered by municipal water supply. • The success of the RWH law was partly thanks to attaching the condition of complying with it to get- ting municipal water supply and sewage collection. • Capacity building among technical staff in the government is vital to spread easy ‘common sense’ solutions, despite the slow pace of the change in pro- cedures. Likewise, there is a need of skilled workers to implement RWH on the household-level. • At least 10% of the implementation monitoring should be done by third parties to assure trans- parency. • The success of the Akash Ganga Trust and the Rain Centre has been strongly linked to the voluntary work of several individuals. Sources Further information Website: Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (CMWSSB), Rain Water Harvesting Online article: Reuters, FEATURE-As groundwater runs short, water battles grow in parched Chennai, 2018 CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Dr Sekhar Raghavan Founder and Head Akash Ganga Trust and the Rain Centre, Chennai Tel.: +91 9677043869 Email: sekar1479@yahoo.co.in 122
CFCC International Network Case Studies 123 View on Chennai city Source © Amina Schild
eThekwini (Durban) Climate Change Adaptation: Palmiet River Catchment Location eThekwini/Durban, South Africa Background/Introduction of the city Alongside the Indian Ocean and located in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality is the third largest city in South Africa. The Municipality spans an area of approximately 2,555 km2. It has an altitude ranging from an altitude ranging from 8 to 23 metres above sea level and a hilly interior west of the coastline reaching up to a height of 790 metres in the outer west. EThekwini has a diverse society which faces various social, economic, environmental and governance challenges. Severe climate impacts - Prone to fl ooding in low-lying/coastal areas with severe fl ood events in 2008 and 2017 - Droughts; Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) in densely populated areas - Sea-level rise and storm surges damage coastal infrastructure and assets - Poor air quality and pollution in the industrial basin in the south of Durban Inhabitants eThekwini Municipal area – 3.5 million (2011 consensus) Responsible Body eThekwini Municipality (Climate Protection Branch), University of KwaZulu Natal and the Palmiet River Watch Status In progress Duration Ongoing since 2015 – 2022 124
View on Durban’s beachside Source © Amina Schild 125
Map 04: Map of Palmiet River Catchment: River Marked in Blue and Quarry Road Informal Settlement Marked in Red Source © Adapted from Google 2019 SUMMARY INFORMATION CONTEXT • Th e Palmiet River Catchment Rehabilitation Project (PCRP) uses an innovative shared-governance approach with a climate change adaptation focus for catchment-scale ecological infrastructure manage- ment. • Th e project primarily focuses on conservation, reha- bilitation and restoration of natural systems within the Palmiet Catchment to improve community resilience to climate change impacts in the Quarry Road informal settlement. • An important part of the project is to engage local communities, especially those which are close to the Palmiet River. Th is collaborative approach has brought diff erent stakeholders into a shared govern- ance framework that opened communication chan- nels to collate existing data, prioritise actions and help to avoid duplication of eff orts. Similarly to other cities in developing countries, Durban faces the challenge of growing informal settlements due to increasing rural-to-urban migration. In most cases informal settlements are not integrated into city plan- ning and are vulnerable to climate impacts. Given that many of these settlements lie in vulnerable and environ- mentally sensitive areas such as wetlands or fl ood plains there is a pressing need for research into adaptation and mitigation strategies in informal settlements to achieve climate sensitive development within the city. Quarry Road informal settlement lies on the banks of the Palmiet River, which is a short, steep catchment located in Durban’s urban core. It is in close proximity to the confl uence with the Umgeni River, one of the major rivers in Durban. Th e settlement along with local businesses downstream closer to the Umgeni River has resulted in the loss of natural vegetation along this stretch of the Palmiet River. Th is has exacerbated the 126
Sewerage pipe and wast accumulation along the Palmiet River Source © Smiso Bhengu impacts of extreme rainfall events experienced in the catchment resulting in erosion and fl ooding. Recent fl ooding has caused fatalities in the aff ected informal settlement and such extreme events are expected to be- come more frequent due to climate change. On top of that, some companies in the area produce industrial pollution and there are problems caused by sand mining along the banks of the Palmiet River. In order to respond to these challenges, the project focuses on improving community resilience to climate change impacts in the Quarry Road informal settle- ment. Th e actors involved are the eTh ekwini Municipal- ity Climate Protection Branch, the University of Kwa- Zulu Natal, the informal settlement communities, local conservation organisations (Palmiet River Watch Con- servancy, Kloof Conservancy, eTh ekwini Conservancy Forum) and the private sector, whose engagement is important due to the pollution and sand mining issues. Th e Palmiet Catchment Rehabilitation Project (PCRP) is fi nanced through a ZAR 5,000,000 (€ 318,000) loan provided by the Development Bank of Southern Africa to the eTh ekwini Municipality, one of its conditions being that a portion is invested in ecological infrastructure work. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION This case study relates mostly to the Field of Action on Measures: from Policy to Action. The intervention directly responds to problems around service deliv- ery, improving living conditions and increasing the resilience of an informal settlement. A list of actions and issues to tackle was developed by both the municipality and the community (benefi ciaries). In terms of other Fields of Action, its coordination through partnership between municipal actors, local communities and support organisations also relates to the Field of Action on Governance and Manage- ment. In practice, this example shows the connected nature of the different Fields of Action. 127
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change PROCESS The project focuses on conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of natural systems within the Palmiet catch- ment to improve community resilience to climate change impacts. One of its objectives is to develop a model that could be used to link future engineering infrastructure projects and the rehabilitation and man- agement of water resources. In the process, principles of community-based adaptation to climate change should be applied. A second objective is to restore eco- logical infrastructure within informal settlements exposed to flooding in order to reduce that risk. Overall, the project aims at: 1 Promotion of community-based adaptation 2 Improvement of resilience to climate change im- pacts in communities 3 Restoration of ecological infrastructure for eco- system services provision (clean water, flood attenuation, and so on) 4 Cleaning of river streams to improve water quality The Climate Protection Branch from eThekwini Municipality was assigned the main responsibility for coordinating the Palmiet Catchment Rehabilitation Project (PCRP). In 2015 it initiated a process to bring a wide range of catchment stakeholders into a catchment management planning process with the collaboration of the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), School of Built Environment and Development Studies. Initially, the relationship between the municipality and the informal communities was strained. However, in a parallel but related process, researchers from the UKZN School of Built Environment and Development Studies were working on a community research project and had established a close working relationship with the Quarry Road informal settlement leadership. The university’s role enabled the project to bring together the municipal- ity and the community. UKZN has continued to play an influential role in this shared governance system and currently leads the ongoing research component of the project. For example, researchers from UKZN recently conducted a project wherein the community mapped their settlement (identifying risks, locating their struc- tures, and so on). This was an important step in the community taking ownership and driving the project and its action plan. EThekwini Municipality initiated a process to bring catchment stakeholders into the project by holding individual meetings with the relevant stakeholders. The meetings were important for understanding how differ- ent projects within the catchment are linked. This was done to minimise duplication of efforts and maximise opportunities to collaborate. Once the relationships between these stakeholders were established, the project started with the development of the concept note. In 2015 a collective workshop was held with all stake- holders to develop the Project Action Plan. At the work- shop key stakeholders formed the Community of Innovators, with the responsibility to drive the project. The Community of Innovators consists of about 10 persons coming from different organisations and con- stituencies: community members, local conservancies, UKZN, eThekwini Municipality and the private sector. It meets quarterly to discuss progress in implementing the Project Action Plan. Although the project has attracted different stakeholders it is still trying to engage other key stakeholders, such as the private sector. This arrangement further encouraged community engagement and also raised awareness about different communities’ experiences with the conditions of the catchment. A formal committe consisting of commu- nity leaders helped to disseminate information to the community and was used as a vehicle to raise awareness and bring the project closer to the informal settlement residents. This committee also supports the work of the ward councillor, the official elected by the community to represent them on the city council. This collaboration brought existing catchment champions, like the Palmiet River Watch Conservancy (Non-Governmental Organisation, NGO) and the eThekwini municipal departments of Solid Waste, Disaster Management and Water and Sanitation into a shared governance frame- work to collect data on pollution events in the river and monitor water quality, prioritise actions and help avoid duplication of efforts, and provide expert advice on issues related to their functions. OUTCOME Through the project’s stakeholder participation process, a prioritised list of actions included in a Project Action Plan was developed, and multiple stakeholders have 128
CFCC International Network Case Studies Waster accumulation along the Palmiet River Source © Smiso Bhengu 129
Quarry Road informal settlement along the Palmiet River Source © Smiso Bhengu committed themselves to implementing these actions. The actions respond to specific challenges identified by the community in three broad themes: governance, social and biophysical approaches. As one of the actors in charge of implementation, the community of the Inhabitants of Quarry Road informal settlement can actively contribute to the project while improving their linving conditions. For example, looking at the govern- ance approach, an integrated approach to catchment management through the development of a governance model for the Palmiet catchment has been achieved through the creation of the Community of Innovators. Another governance action was to address inappropriate development, land use and illegal activities through changing the land use allocation of some open space areas. On the social side action focuses on diminishing flood and fire risks in the informal settlement, among other hazards, by using social media to distribute early warning messages, as well as the phased electrification of those parts of the settlement that are planned as per- manent. Among the actions under the biodiversity ap- proach are the commitment of Durban Solid Waste (DSW) to collect waste in the informal settlement with the collaboration of four community representatives who work closely with DSW in the distribution of bags. Another biodiversity-related action is the issuing of licenses by eThekwini Water & Sanitation (EWS) to monitor pollution by industries and the monitoring and reporting of industrial pollution by the Palmiet River Watch Conservancy. Although there is no monitoring system in place yet, the Project Action Plan developed by stakeholders is specific enough to be monitored by the Community of Innovators. A future objective of the municipality is to use the lessons learned in this project in other similar studies, especially in the informal settlements located in the municipality, and also as a guideline when integrating informal settlements into city planning. In addition, there are other research initiatives and projects which will be linked with the Palmiet Catchment Rehabilita- tion Project (PCRP) to sustain the project after its three- year term has elapsed. For example, this catchment has been identified as one of the study areas for a biodiver- sity and water security project of the Global Environ- mental Facility. From 2019 to 2022, a service provider will be appoint- ed to further implement the PCRP. The main task of the service provider is to build the community-based river management programme to improve river health in the Palmiet catchment, including capacity building for local communities, creating employment opportu- nities and ensuring inclusivity for all catchment stake- holders. 130
Quarry Road informal settlement along the Palmiet River Source © Smiso Bhengu TAKE-AWAYS CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Smiso Bhengu Climate Protection Scientist eThekwini Municipality Tel.: +27 31 3228498 Email: smiso.bhengu@durban.gov.za Sources Further information Website: eThekwini Municipality, uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership (UEIP) PowerPoint Presentation: eThekwini Municipality, Palmiet Catchment Rehabilitation Project, 2016 PowerPoint Presentation: Municipality of eThekwini, uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership • Stakeholder participation and engagement is crucial for the success of the project. At the beginning of the project, the municipality wanted to build artificial wetlands as a response to flooding downstream. No such project started because there was little commu- nication or involvement of the public, hence when the municipality tried to implement this responsive strat- egy it did not get support from the general public. Engaging with the public has ensured that all parties are involved in identifying priority needs in the catch- ment, which do not include construction of artificial wetlands. • The shared governance of the project assists in its man- agement. This ensures that the ownership of the project is not the responsibility of one or two stakeholders but all key stakeholders play a vital role in the success of the project. However, the Community of Innovators should include a champion responsible for driving the project forward and ensuring that all the stakeholders in the Community participate and contribute. • The intermediary role played by the University of Kwa- Zulu Natal in establishing a relationship between the local government and the communities settled in the catchment has been very important in securing their involvement in the early stages of the project and main- taining their involvement in ongoing project activities. 131
Frankfurt am Main Masterplan 100% Klimaschutz (Climate Change Mitigation) Location Frankfurt am Main, Germany Background/Introduction of the city Frankfurt is located on the River Main, in the northernmost part of the Upper Rhine Plain, climatically one of the warmest regions and one of the biggest metropolitan areas in Germany. The city is at an altitude of 113 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Floods (last severe fl ood in 2011) Heatwaves (13 days over 30 °C yearly average) Inhabitants 736,414 (city), 5,821,523 (Frankfurt-Rhine-Main metropolitan region) Responsible Body Municipal Energy Agency, City of Frankfurt am Main Status Plan elaboration completed (2015), implementation ongoing Duration 2013–2050 132
City of Frankfurt am Main Source © Tanja Schäfer, City of Frankfurt am Main 133
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change SUMMARY INFORMATION • The City of Frankfurt am Main intends to switch entirely to renewable energy by 2050. • To achieve this goal, the Masterplan 100 % Klimaschutz (in English: Masterplan 100% Climate Change Mitigation) was launched with clear guide- lines and an ambitious approach. • It has a wide range of target groups: citizens, mu- nicipal departments, industry and private owners. CONTEXT Being one of the biggest metropolitan areas in Germany, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is one of the environmental priorities for the City of Frankfurt am Main. The 2008 Energy and Climate Protection Con- cept describes steps for reaching the target of reducing CO2 emissions by 10% every five years. In 2012, the municipality decided to commit to a more ambitious goal and applied to a federal fund to finance a needs assessment. The main target is to reduce 95% of all CO2 emissions and 50% of the local energy use until 2050 to become a city fully supplied by renewable energy by 2050. The Municipal Energy Agency leads the elaboration and implementation of the plan with the collaboration of other municipal departments and civil society initiatives, businesses, local utilities, parliamentary groups, as well as other local councils of the metropolitan area. The plan has a wide range of target groups, such as citizens, municipal departments, industry and private owners. The city was awarded funding from the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) for committing to a full renewable en- ergy target. This covered 80% of the plan’s cost in the period 2013–2016 and 40% in the period 2016–2018, while the rest is funded by the municipal budget. The implementation of specific measures is financed by each city department and its assigned actors with implement- ing competencies. Solar recharging stations not only facilitate but also foster the change to more sustainable means of transport Source © Ulrike Wiedenfels, Municipal Energy Agency, City of Frankfurt am Main 134
CFCC International Network Case Studies RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The Masterplan 100 % Klimaschutz (Masterplan 100% Climate Change Mitigation) represents primarily the Field of Action on Governance and Management, given that the plan’s elaboration presents a cross-sectoral coordination of the targets within the city adminis- tration and also involves external actors. It also presents an effort to provide transparency in planning by including several external and internal evaluations as well as the involvement of citizens. Lastly, despite being a municipal plan, the city has payed special attention to ensure coherence with the regional ener- gy plan. As a comprehensive local energy and climate protection strategy, it is also an example of the Field on Action of Policies and Strategies. PROCESS Th e Masterplan 100 % Klimaschutz (Masterplan 100% Climate Change Mitigation) has been created based on a feasibility study which was completed in an interdis- ciplinary manner including a wide range of actors. Given that the municipal Energy and Climate Protec- tion Concept of 2008 runs until 2020 and already fea- tures specifi c and budgeted measures, the Masterplan takes over those measures updating them considering the new objectives. Th e city council nominated the Municipal Energy Agency as the executive body for the plan and gave it the task of creating a strategy to reach the target. Th is agency started by commissioning a feasibility study by the Fraunhofer Institutes for Building Physics (IBP) and for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), which analysed the sec- tors of electrical power, heating and transport in the city. Th is was followed by inviting around 30 relevant local actors to be part of an interdisciplinary Climate Change Mitigation Advisory Board with the task of drafting and reviewing the plan. Th ese actors were selected consider- ing their relevance in the local economy and society and their potential to produce a multiplier eff ect towards reaching the target. Examples of participating actors are universities, non-government organisations (NGOs), Active-City Building – Speicherstrasse, apartment building in 135 PlusEnergy style with, inter alia, PV systems on the roof and facade Source © Hanna Jaritz, Municipal Energy Agency, City of Frankfurt am Main
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Frankfurt am Main, Rebstockpark Source © Eckhard Krumpholz, City of Frankfurt am Main 137
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change private sector organisations, the regional chamber of commerce and local churches. The Advisory Board held regular meetings initially to discuss the study’s interim results, scenarios and financing models for the energy transition, and later the details of how to achieve the objectives. In addition, six workshops focusing on Building, Living, City Planning, Energy Supply and Mobility brought together the Advisory Board, municipal departments, the energy provider and construction companies. They discussed technical implementation details and aligning these with other objectives of the municipal depart- ments. Moreover, several public Citizens Forums in- cluding topic-specific subgroups were organised and all citizens were invited to take part through advertising posters. Neighbourhood Forums were also held to discuss the objectives of the plan for specific areas with the residents. An information stand was also set up in a main square of the city to raise awareness about the objectives and collect citizens’ input. At the regional level, the Municipal Energy Agency is working with the regional association Frankfurt Rhine- Main on a joint energy concept that aims to supply the entire Frankfurt region with renewable energy by fol- lowing a decentralization approach. In this regard, the Municipal Energy Agency and the Climate Protection Advisory Board took part in the meetings about the regional energy concept to align the objectives of the City of Frankfurt with those of the municipalities and stakeholders of the metropolitan region. OUTCOME The Masterplan 100 % Klimaschutz (Masterplan 100% Climate Change Mitigation) was published in 2015 and concluded that the target of completely supplying the city with renewable energy by 2050 is achievable. It also included guidelines to define measures, how to prioritise them and a time plan. Some measures are already being implemented and a few have been completed, such as 138 Half of Frankfurt’s area consists of parks and squares Source © Ulrike Wiedenfels, Municipal Energy Agency, City of Frankfurt am Main
CFCC International Network Case Studies CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY For questions about the overall plan: Hanna Jaritz Project Lead Masterplan 100% Climate Change Mitigation Municipal Energy Agency City of Frankfurt am Main Email: hanna.jaritz@stadt-frankfurt.de Internet: www.energiereferat.stadt-frankfurt.de For questions regarding the urban planning implementation: Gerd Prohaska Energy concepts and supply technologies Municipal Energy Agency City of Frankfurt am Main Email: gerd.prohaska@stadt-frankfurt.de Internet: www.energiereferat.stadt-frankfurt.de Sources Further information (partly in German) Website: Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Masterplan 100 % Klimaschutz (in English: Masterplan 100% Climate Change Mitigation) Document: Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Masterplan 100 % Klimaschutz, General Concept summarised version, 2016 Document: Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Bausteine für den Klimaschutz – Frankfurt am Main, Mitte 2015 bis Ende 2016 (in English: Building blocks for climate protection – Frankfurt am Main, mid 2015 to end 2016), 2017 connecting the heating pipeline systems of different districts. Also, the Municipal Energy Agency organised several competitions for ideas to allow citizens to suggest measures to achieve the plan’s target. Around 40% of them have been implemented. For example, a pilot pro- ject to test an innovative organic photovoltaic installa- tion as a façade-integrated solution. Other examples of urban planning-related measures include the district heating supply from combined heat and power in new development areas. In terms of monitoring, the Municipal Energy Agency carries out an evaluation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the city regularly. In addition, the Mu- nicipal Energy Agency is required to submit to the city council an update report on the climate protection sta- tus every two years, which is also used to feed the deci- sion-making process to update the plan. The Masterplan 100 % Klimaschutz (Masterplan 100% Climate Change Mitigation) continues as a long-term programme to reach the 2050 objective with funding from the Municipal Energy Agency and the implement- ing actors. The next steps include continuing with the implementation of the measures, updating and concre- tising them, for which the agency will prepare a draft proposal and discuss it with the Advisory Board and all the municipal departments involved. This proposal should then be approved by the city council. Further events for citizens’ participation may also be included. TAKE-AWAYS • Wide-spread acceptance of the plan was achieved due to the involvement of civil society in its development and definition. • Given the complex process, it is important to involve all stakeholders from the very beginning. • In the implementation phase, the stakeholders’ input and collaboration is crucial to accomplishing such an ambitious goal. • The collection of data for the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions evaluation is challenging, as some compa- nies and network operators provide rough or inac- curate data or refuse to disclose any. 139
The city of Leipzig has a compact urban structure with functionally mixed buildings Source © shutterstock 140
Leipzig Integrated Urban Development Concept ‘Leipzig 2030’ Location Leipzig, Germany Background/Introduction of the city After years of decline and slow consolidation during the decades succeeding the socialist system, Leipzig has now turned into a constantly growing city. The city is situated at the confl uence of the White Elster, Pleisse and Parthe rivers in the mostly fl at Saxon Lowland. The city is at an altitude of 112 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Floods (last severe fl ood in 2013) Heatwaves (2015 recorded 21 days with more than 30 °C, including days reaching 40 °C) Inhabitants 596,517 Responsible Body City Planning Offi ce, Offi ce of Urban Renewal and Residential Construction Subsidies, Mayor’s Department Status Ongoing (elaboration phase completed) Duration 2015–2018 (elaboration); until 2030 (implementation) 141
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change SUMMARY INFORMATION • Leipzig 2030 is the first cross-sectoral concept deal- ing with the constant growth of the city replacing the former concept Leipzig 2020. • It has been developed based on an intensive partici- patory process within municipal departments and including civil society. • While addressing the new challenges of the city, it provides an overarching set of goals and spatial strat- egies to foster sustainable growth. CONTEXT After decades of demographic shrinkage, Leipzig’s pop- ulation started to increase again in 2002. This trend has accelerated since 2011, adding more than 10,000 new residents yearly. This vast and rapid growth made the framework conditions of the existing Integrated Urban Development Concept (Leipzig 2020) obsolete, requir- ing a readjustment to respond to the new challenges. These include the increasing concern for climate change mitigation, the rising demands for jobs, affordable hous- ing, the provision of enough social infrastructure and a sustainable traffic network, as well as the preservation of green and open areas. Consequently, the competition around available space increases and a balance between desirable limits of densification and the aim of avoiding new urban sprawl must be found. In addition, climate change induced weather events, such as overheated ar- eas or increased recurrence of storm flooding events, are among the challenges that the concept needs to tackle. In elaborating the Leipzig 2030 concept, various units of the city administration, municipal utility companies, private companies, civil society organisations and citizens have participated. The concept primarily provides guidance for collabora- tion within and for the actions of the city administration itself; it also serves as an orientation for public and privately-owned companies, as well as for social stake- holders and citizens. The concept’s elaboration process has been financed by the federal and state budgets in the frame of the Stadtumbau Ost (City Reconstruction of Eastern German Cities) programme, which supports urban redevelopment in eastern German states. How- ever, the concept’s implementation will mainly be financed from the municipal budget except, for exam- ple, for measures in demarcated areas classified as having high socio-economic needs, which could receive Euro- pean Union (EU) , federal or state funding. 142 Bicycle stand in the City of Leipzig Source © adobe stock
CFCC International Network Case Studies RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS PROCESS OF ACTION The elaboration process of the Integrated Urban Development Concept Leipzig 2030 represents the Field of Action on Governance and Management. The cross-sectoral coordination within the city adminis- tration with a strong but shared leadership between the two offi ces and the Mayor’s Department is remarkable. This combination led to a buy-in of all relevant departments in elaborating the sectoral needs and integrating the city’s strategic goals. Moreover, the involvement of external stakeholders and citizens enables a multi-faceted input that adds to the analyses of the municipal departments. Thus, the involvement assures the transparency needed in planning. The case also includes features of the Capacity Development Field of Action. The city had created participation platforms which were used during the concept elaboration phase of Leipzig 2030 and in which diverse ways to engage with stakeholders and citizens were tested. By doing so, these platforms also provided knowledge sharing opportunities. In addition, the outreach to citizens raised awareness of the importance of participating in local planning. Th e concept’s elaboration has been a discursive process, with debate and cooperation among the involved actors as core elements. Th e process has been led by the City Planning Offi ce, which is part of the Department of Urban Development and Construction, and was sup- ported by the Mayor’s Department and the Offi ce for Urban Renewal. More than 60 representatives of 20 mu- nicipal units took part. Th e integrated approach provides the advantage for the topics of climate change mitigation and adaptation that interactions – both synergies and confl icts – among topics, such as housing, traffi c, open space, environment and commercial development, are included in the strategy at an early stage, and considered in the subsequent planning. Th e concept’s elaboration evolved through three phases: 1. Evaluation: all citizens were invited to participate in a public kick-off meeting through announcements in the local media. Th e meeting was opened by the mayor and presented the assessment results of the previous concept’s implementation. After that, the 260 participating citizens discussed their opinions and wishes for the city’s development until 2030 in small groups, identifying priority issues. Participatory process kick off meeting Source © Thomas Rötting, City of Leipzig 143
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 2. Core definition: the priority issues were incorporated into monthly, cross-departmental topic-specific working groups (for example, green space and environment, cli- mate change mitigation and technical infrastruc- ture, housing, and so on) which defined the con- cept’s objectives by topic. In interdisciplinary workshops representatives of the topic-specific working groups debated cross-cutting issues (for example, inclusion and equality of opportunities, digitisation, health, and so on) and generated a city-wide spatial strategy for urban development. In addition, a Strategy Forum with the participa- tion of the heads of all offices with spatial planning duties, tied the working process to the higher hier- archical levels. A parallel public participation stream included a series of workshop discussions to discuss in depth the issues deriving from the kick-off meeting and the working groups, involving representatives of invited organisations (for example, nature protec- tion associations, public space supporters, and so on), municipal utility companies (energy provider, energy and heating networks manager, water utili- ty, and so on) and private companies affected by urban development issues (construction, real estate, and so on). Lastly, District Forums took place in each of four large city divisions to discuss the upcoming tasks at neighbourhood-level with the participation of pre-selected civil society representatives. 3. Drafting: all citizens were invited to participate in a public meeting through announcements in the local me- dia. It presented the basic features of the results and 250 citizens had the chance to discuss these with representatives of the city administration and express their views. In addition, an existing online platform was used and Neighbourhood Forums took place in so called focus neighbour- hoods to allow citizens to provide adjustments to the draft document. After the elaboration phase was finished, the concept was approved in May 2018 by the City Council. Figure 15: Leipzig 2030 Concept Elaboration Process Evaluation Phase IV/2015 III/2015 Evaluation I/2016 Framework conditions Core Definition Phase IV/2016 III/2016 II/2016 I/2017 II/2017 III/2017 IV/2017 I/2018 Draft Phase Technical concepts and urban development strategy Draft Ap- proval Work Process Topic-specific working groups Interdisciplinary workshops Strategy Forums Public participation W+ Workshop discussions W+ Public kick-off meeting Future Forum Source © adapted from City of Leipzig 144 District Forums Neighbourhood Forums Public meeting (draft) online participation
CFCC International Network Case Studies OUTCOME Leipzig has achieved a strategy to steer integrated urban development until 2030, including the drafting of spe- cific strategies for the 63 neighbourhoods and instruc- tions to define the implementation measures. In addi- tion, the participatory culture across the city administration’s departments and external stakeholders has been enhanced. Examples of specific climate-related objectives, which are included in the overall concept, are to pursue a preventive climate and energy strategy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 2.5 tons of car- bon dioxide (CO2) per inhabitant per year. By integrat- ing the topics of energy, climate change mitigation and adaptation into an overall strategy, synergies and con- flicts with other topics such as housing, transport, open space, environment or commercial development have been considered at an early stage. After the concept has been passed by the city council, subsequent measures based on this urban development approach will be approved in the coming years. It thus gives guidance mainly to the city administration and the political representatives, but also provides orienta- tion for stakeholders and civil society. In future phases the relevant municipal units – coordinated by the City Planning Office – will monitor the implementation of measures and the results will be published in reports. TAKE-AWAYS The most important lesson to be taken from Leipzig’s approach to foster integrated, sustainable urban devel- opment, is that an Integrated Urban Development Con- cept is not to be seen as a static plan but as a continuous process. This includes the following necessities: • The maintenance of the culture of cross-sectoral co- operation among different units and the provision of participation opportunities for civil society around all future-related questions is essential to realise the targeted development. • A sustainability-oriented urban development moni- toring system adapted to the Sustainable Develop- ment Goals can act as a basis to determine adjust- ments and further development according to the real progress and the changing needs for action. Figure 16: Overarching Set of Goals of the Integrated Urban Development Concept (INSEK, in German: Integriertes Stadtentwicklungskonzept) Leipzig 2030 Source © City of Leipzig 145
CONTACT POINT WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Karolin Pannike Officer City Planning Office Division for Urban Development City of Leipzig Tel.: +49 (0)341 123-4861 Email: karolin.pannike@leipzig.de Internet: www.leipzig.de/stadtentwicklungskonzept Sources Further information (most current information only available in German) Website: City of Leipzig, Leipzig 2020 – Integrated City Development Concept (SEKo) 146
Website: Stadt Leipzig, Integriertes Stadtentwicklungs konzept “Leipzig 2030” (in English: Integrated Urban Development Plan) Document: Stadt Leipzig, INSEK Integrated Urban Development Concept for Leipzig 2030 – Strategic Vision and Urban Development Strategy Source © City of Leipzig 147
Malmö Cloudburst Plan for Malmö Location Malmö, Sweden Background/Introduction of the city Malmö is a coastal city near the southwestern tip of Sweden. Despite its northern latitude, the climate is mild mainly thanks to the Gulf Stream. The city is at an altitude of 12 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Cloudbursts causing fl oods (last severe fl ood in 2014) Inhabitants 334,000 Responsible Body Technical Board, Department of Housing Status Elaboration concluded, implementation ongoing Duration 2015–2017 (Cloudburst Plan elaboration); since 2017 (Action Plan implementation) Green roof and Turning Torso tower in Malmö Source © Jonatan Malmberg, Scandinavian Green Roof Institute 148
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Making Cities Fit for Climate Change SUMMARY INFORMATION • First municipal strategic plan in Sweden to make a city resilient to cloudburst events and heavy rainfall. • The multifunctional approach prioritises solutions of climate change adaptation over traditional ‘grey’ solutions. • Responsibility of making Malmö adapted to climate change does not only rely on the city administration, hence, the plan seeks cooperation among diverse stakeholders. CONTEXT On 31 August 2014 Malmö suffered the effects of the cloudburst Arvid. In only a few hours 100 mm of rain- water were measured, which led to severe disruption: around 2,000 houses were flooded, and some key func- tions of the city were shut down, particularly roads and public transport systems, while the hospital was subject to important disruptions and came close to being shut down. Damages to private and publicly owned prop- erty were very substantial. The insurance costs alone were calculated to be approximately €66 million. It is estimated that the cost for the whole community (in- cluding missed work days, illness, and so on) was much higher. As a result, the event became a wakeup call for the city administration to be prepared for similar situ- ations in the future. The municipal bodies in charge of developing the cloud- burst plan were the Technical Board which is shared by the Department of Housing and the Department of Streets and Parks, together with the departments of En- vironment, City Planning, Crisis and Preparedness and Public Services, as well as the regional public wastewater utility, named Va Syd. The plan aims at producing a direct change in all municipal departments of the city administration as well as in the wastewater utility, how- ever, it also indirectly targets other actors, such as home- owners, mainly through awareness raising. Malmö is situated on the strait on Öresund Source © COO Creative commons 150
CFCC International Network Case Studies Th e costs of the plan’s development process were shared by all departments involved through their regular budg- ets. Implementation is fi nanced by the department re- sponsible for each measure. For example, the Depart- ment of City Planning fi nances the measures regarding spatial planning and the wastewater utility fi nances measures involving water pipes. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION Malmö’s Cloudburst Plan represents the Field of Action on Policies and Strategies, as it is a local strategy that encompasses a variety of adaptation options, from infrastructure-related to behavioural changes. The process of creating the plan was done in an interdisciplinary way to seek a joint vision, including all actors with capacity to reduce fl ood risk in the city. In addition, the plan’s formulation repre- sents a good example of evidence-based planning, as it is based on sound data on fl ood risk, the costs of different scenarios, and so on. PROCESS Th e process of developing the Cloudburst Plan started in 2015 and has taken around two years until its ap- proval by the City Council. Th e aim of the plan is to make the city more resilient to heavy rainfall and fl ood- ing by embedding an integrated cloudburst perspective in all planning processes. It aims at carrying out activi- ties that minimise the risk of serious injuries, disruptions of vital services and death by 2025, and to guarantee that Malmö can handle a 100-year-rainfall event with only minimal material and personal damage by 2045. Additionally, the plan uses a multifunctional approach, meaning that fl ood preventive infrastructures also have other day-to-day functions, for example, a football fi eld has been redesigned to act as a fl ood catchment area in case of a cloudburst. Th e Cloudburst Plan’s creation comprised two main phases: the elaboration of the plan itself and the creation of an Action Plan. Th e fi rst phase is already completed and has been carried out by the Cloudburst Plan Coor- Source © City of Malmö Map 05: Map of Malmö 151
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Urban farming in Malmö Source © Linnea Uppsäll dinating Group including the above-mentioned mu- nicipal departments and the wastewater utility, which together designed a common strategy. Three thematic working groups and six subgroups were also formed to analyse selected parts of the plan and to solve specific questions, for example, to identify areas in the city that could be flooded without damage and to find ways in which the water could be led to these areas. These groups met regularly during the first ten months of the elaboration phase. In addition, a reference group was formed, consisting of experts in related top- ics, local stakeholders and civil servants of the City of Copenhagen, who shared their city’s experiences with a similar plan. With the knowledge generated in these activities, a draft of the plan was created and sub- sequently sent for comment to internal civil servants who had not been involved, as well as to external organisations, such as political parties, universities, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), other local governments, and so on. Moreover, the plan’s elabora- tion process has been fed by actual data gathered in various ways: flood risk mapping, tests of potential solu- tions, an analysis for a new sewer system, and a cost analysis of carrying out the plan versus doing nothing. In terms of the formal distribution of responsibilities, the Department of Streets and Parks oversees the elabo- ration of the Cloudburst Plan and the Action Plan. The Department of Environment is responsible for coordi- nating the different municipal departments. The De- partment of City Planning integrates the regulations into the planning and building processes, and lastly, the Department of Crisis and Preparedness has the task of creating a Flood Preparedness Plan. OUTCOME Although it is still early days to see on-the-ground re- sults, there is a resulting strategic plan approved by the City Council, which specifies targets and responsibilities to include heavy rain considerations in Malmö’s plan- ning and decision-making processes. It also includes specific measures, such as refurbishing spaces owned by the municipality using cloudburst considerations. In 152
CFCC International Network Case Studies TAKE-AWAYS Adopting a preventive approach by adapting the city to handle unusually heavy rainfall is more cost-effective than reacting to events and repairing the damages. • Adaptation is an investment for the future, rather than a financial burden. • Implementing changes in the city’s infrastructure and the response patterns is not only the responsibility of the municipal administration, but also calls for the action of homeowners, housing cooperatives, businesses and citizens. • The need for interdisciplinary work among all mu- nicipal departments and relevant actors in the city has become clear. • Adapting the city for heavy rainfall requires an inte- grated and long-term perspective in all planning processes and cannot be achieved through ‘quick fixes’. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Ulrika Poppius Summoner for the Coordinating Group for Cloudburst Planning Department of Environment City of Malmö Email: Ulrika.poppius@malmo.se Sources Further information Online magazine article: Sustainable City Malmö, Facing Malmö’s future downpours, 2015 Academic article: VATTEN – Journal of Water Management and Research, Storm-water management in Malmö and Copenhagen with regard to climate change scenarios, 2014 153 Pond in a residential area which also acts as a storm water catchment Source © Ulrika Poppius addition, the wastewater utility has developed a website addressing homeowners and housing cooperatives to provide knowledge about what they can do for them- selves if a big downpour occurs, as well as to raise aware- ness about the fact that they are responsible for water management on their property. The utility has also put in place a team of engineers that can visit houses to give advice about preventive actions. After the plan was approved in 2017, the Cloudburst Plan Coordination Group turned into a Management Group and its focus switched to developing an Action Plan. This second plan will specify how the actions in- cluded in the Cloudburst Plan should be carried out. As part of this, the Management Group is drafting a questionnaire to measure the knowledge level on flood risk reduction among civil servants with the aim of sub- sequently providing training about embedding heavy rain considerations in all necessary work processes. In the future, the option of having a separate budget ded- icated to implementing the plan’s bigger technical actions, such as rebuilding parks and streets, will be discussed.
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change View over Munich Source © Thomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de 154
CFCC International Network Case Studies Munich Redevelopment of Neuaubing-Westkreuz: Striving Towards a Sustainable and Climate-Proof Neighbourhood Location Munich, Germany Background/Introduction of the city Munich is Bavaria’s capital and largest city. It is located on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria in the northern Alpine foothills. The city is at an altitude of 519 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Heat-island effect (compared to its rural environment, the city’s temperature can be 3–10 °C higher) Inhabitants 1,550,000 Responsible Body Department of Urban Planning, Unit ‘Housing and Urban Renewal’ of the City of Munich in collaboration with the municipal ‘Munich Association for Urban Renewal’ Status Under implementation Duration 2014–2024 155
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change SUMMARY INFORMATION • Th e neighbourhood of Neuaubing-Westkreuz is the city’s newest redevelopment area. • Th e renovation project encompasses all economic, social and environmental targets and engages diff er- ent local actors and citizens, enabling broad partici- patory decision-making. Th is neighbourhood is Munich’s fi rst redevelopment area to include inte- grated energy effi ciency targets. • Th e project is supported by the federal urban devel- opment programme Soziale Stadt (in English: Socially Integrated City) under which it is one of the biggest in Germany. CONTEXT Neuaubing-Westkreuz is located in the western outskirts of Munich, around 12 km from the city hall. With an area of 350 hectares and a population of 23,000 inhab- itants, it is mainly residential. Most of its buildings date back to the 1960s and 1970s and have poor energy standards. Various shopping centres and streets no long- er meet today’s requirements and have ceased to be attractive and competitive, leading to many shopping spaces being unused. Many streets and public spaces have an old, car-centred design which is not barrier-free and accessible, and are used as parking spaces, or due to their run-down condition are not appealing for residents to use. In some streets, due to the outdated design of the public space, there are confl icts over use between pedes- trians and cyclists. Some green areas lack appropriate pathways and cycleways, acting more as barriers between residential areas, rather than as meeting and recreation- al spaces for residents. Th e Munich Association for Urban Renewal is entrusted with implementing projects and measures, as a restruc- turing agency and trustee of the City of Munich. In addition, there are other city departments, and neigh- bourhood public and private organisations taking part. Th e participation of local businesses and residents is an integral part of the decision-making, as they are the main Public device counting passing bicycles Source © City of Munich 156
target groups of the redevelopment. Th e fi nancing is 60% provided by the Federal Government and the Free State of Bavaria under the urban development pro- gramme Soziale Stadt and 40% by the City of Munich. In addition, specifi c measures are fi nanced by the Euro- pean Union’s 2020 Smart City and Community Light- house Programme. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The case of Neuaubing-Westkreuz represents the Field of Action on Measures: From Policy to Action. A critical element of the renewal project is the geo- graphic delimitation of the affected area, in this case a neighbourhood. In addition, the project uses both local resources, such as engaging local actors and citizens, as well as reaching out to European Union funding for energy refurbishment actions. CFCC International Network Case Studies PROCESS Th e redevelopment project has been carried out consid- ering economic, environmental and social aspects with a strong focus on participation. Th us, the renewal pro- cess promotes an approach of holistic sustainability that integrates climate-proofi ng measures. Th e aim of the project is to preserve and upgrade the neighbourhood by strengthening the local economy, improving the supply of green space, the living environment and the public space, such as shopping areas, parks, roads, walk- ways, cycling lanes and squares. In addition, climate change mitigation and reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are central aspects of the redevelop- ment, particularly focusing on the use of renewable energy sources and energy saving, and with the target of making the neighbourhood CO2 neutral by 2050. In 2014, the Munich city council formally resolved to establish Neuaubing-Westkreuz as a redevelopment area and decided to use the existing integrated district development concept’s targets and measures as the basis for action. Th e Munich Association for Urban Re newal, Cyclists on the Hacker bridge during the cycling event Radlnacht in Munich Source © Andreas Schebesta 157
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Aubing ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Aubinger Straße Leienfelsstraße L i m e s s t r a ß e e ß a r t s g r u b n e t A l W i e s e n t f e l s e r S t r . B o d e n s e e s t r a ß e ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Urban Living Lab ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Neuaubing ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! Geothermal Heat and Power Plant Freiham ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! URBAN LIVING LAB NEIGHBORHOOD CENTRE MOBILITY Smart Mobility Smart Services TECHNOLOGY Smart Data Platform Smart Lampposts Munich Smart City-App Source © City of Munich 158
CFCC International Network Case Studies ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Leienfelsstraße ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Westkreuz ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Neighborhood Centre ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! map: MGS based on: LHM (2015), Rahmenplan Freiham (2013), SWM (2014) Z 0 50 100 200 meter project area: Neuaubing-Westkreuz and Freiham ENERGY Smart Refurbishment-Alliance Smart Power Grids district heating Map 06: Map of the Project Area of Neuaubing-Westkreuz, Munich 159
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Planned mobility station in Munich Westkreuz Source © MVG commissioned for the implementation, created a Project Group as an on-site committee to discuss and decide on the details of the implementation measures and to serve as a local networking platform. It is made up of citizens, local political representatives, associations and social institutions, as well as municipal departments, and is coordinated by the district management of the Munich Association for Urban Renewal. The aim is to consider and weigh up private and public interests at an early stage by involving all stakeholders. At its regular meet- ings, the Project Group also decides on applications to a programme for residents to receive funding for pro- jects suggested by them. Citizen participation has also included, for example, asking the opinion of children and youth regarding the upgrading of a playground and a skating area. Until 2016 the redevelopment project was part of the Federal Urban Development Programme Aktive Zen- tren (in English: Active Centres) and in 2017 it also changed to become part of the Soziale Stadt programme (in English: Socially Integrated City). This has resulted in the possibility of fully financing measures proposed by residents, as well as supporting social and cultural projects. In addition, since 2016 the redevelopment process has been complemented by the so called Smart- er Together project in the frame of the European Union’s 2020 Smart City and Community Lighthouse Pro- gramme. This project supports measures following a smart city approach supporting both mobility and lo- gistics aspects, such as new energy systems, virtual power plants, specific energy refurbishments, integrated infrastructure and smart data management platforms, distribution stations for cargo, neighbourhood-adapted sharing of economic services, and so on. OUTCOME Although the project is not yet finished there is already a list of successfully implemented measures. Thanks to the Smarter Together project, smart lighting poles have been installed, with LED-lights, movement sensors, WLAN and charging stations for electric vehicles. Also, consultants of the Munich Building Centre, a unit of the municipal Department of Health and Environment, provide a free energy checking and consulting service to residents to carry out an energy refurbishment of their 160
CFCC International Network Case Studies homes. The consulting service analyses the energy con- sumption of the residential building, evaluates the building’s structure, proposes various energy efficiency refurbishment measures and provides information about offers of support schemes. In terms of sustainable en- ergy supply, the district heating network from the near- by geothermal power plant has been expanded and unused rooftops have been activated for solar power generation. In addition, various commercial centres and shopping areas have been refurbished and upgraded, several streets and public spaces have gained in accessibility and now feature more attractive and greener landscaping, as well as walkways and cycleways that have been upgraded. Also, a community horticultural space has been created in the central green corridor of the neighbourhood, green areas have been upgraded and trees planted along streets. Another measure that has been achieved is the creation of four Mobility Stations next to the neigh- bourhood’s train stations, offering a fleet of various sharing mobility options, such as electric cars, freight pedelecs, bikes, e-bikes and e-tricycles. Lastly, social and cultural activities bring neighbours together with the objectives of improving their quality of life and improv- ing the reputation of Neuaubing-Westkreuz. The project runs in cycles of four year periods granted by the federal programme. The renewal of the project periods is subject to a positive evaluation of the imple- mented measures and a positive decision by the city council. Currently, the project duration is granted until 2024. In addition, there are further monitoring systems at the municipal level that are used to evaluate the pro- ject’s process and outcomes. TAKE-AWAYS • For participatory processes with different stake- holders: - Sufficient time needs to be scheduled. - Pictures and ideas need to be provided to the residents, rather than discussing from scratch. • The engagement of residents and stakeholders can be effectively increased through: - Front-runner and showcase activities. - Including politicians and well-known people in the neighbourhood in the process. • While preliminary analyses are important, the pro- cess should not be paralysed by them; instead, it should start with short-term projects to gain quick wins, before implementing the more complex actions. Sources CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY For questions about the overall plan: Klaus Illigmann Head of unit ‘Population, Housing and PERSPECTIVE MUNICH’ Department of Urban Planning Urban development City of Munich Tel.: +49-89-233-22989 Email: klaus.illigmann@muenchen.de Further information (only available in German) Website: Münchner Gesellschaft für Stadterneuerung mbH, Sanierungsgebiet Neuaubing-Westkreuz (in English: Neuaubing-Westkreuz redevelopment area) Website: Portal München Betriebs-GmbH & Co. KG, Teilmaßnahme Neuaubing-Westkreuz (in English: Submeasure Neuaubing-Westkreuz), 2015 161
Nuremberg Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development Location Nuremberg, Germany Background/Introduction of the city Nuremberg is located in northern Bavaria on the river Pegnitz and is the second largest city of the state. The city is at an altitude of 309 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Floods (last severe fl ood in the city in 1995 and another one affecting the region in 2013) Storms (on August 28th, 2006 a strong storm caused serious damage to buildings) Inhabitants 511,628 (city), 3,560,040 (metropolitan region) Responsible Body Nuremberg Metropolitan Region Status Ongoing Duration Since 2010 162
View over Nuremberg Source © City of Nuremberg 163
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change SUMMARY INFORMATION • The Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development is one of the eight expert forums of the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region. • It extends from the local up to the regional level, cov- ering an area of 21,785 km², treating rural-urban cooperation as an integral part of its activities. • The Forum brings together administrative, economic and scientific actors to strengthen the region’s perspec- tive on climate and sustainability issues, with a special focus on energy and climate mitigation. CONTEXT The Nuremberg Metropolitan Region is a voluntary as- sociation of municipal and district-level governments and economic actors across administrative borders, en- compassing most of northern Bavaria, around the city of Nuremberg. Specifically, the Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development includes more than 90 actors. These actors are mostly municipal and district-level administrations, as well as actors from the local and regional economy and from science, particularly in the energy and renewable energy sectors. These institutions are represented in the Forum by mayors, deputy mayors, district administrators and administrative experts, as well as business leaders and scientists. The target groups of the Forum are the municipal and district administrations themselves, aiming at enhancing their capacity to integrate mitigation aspects into their work. In addition, the Forum targets economic and industrial actors and households as agents with great potential to improve their energy use habits. The Forum is mainly financed by the institution which the managing director works for, at present the City of Nuremberg. In the past it was financed by the local bank, the Volksbank Raiffeisenbank Nürnberg. Liebesinsel (in English: Island of Love) at the river Pegnitz in Nuremberg Source © Werner Geim 164
CFCC International Network Case Studies RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS PROCESS OF ACTION The Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustain- able Development represents essentially the Field of Action on Governance and Management, as it includes many of its characteristics. The Forum involves actors from administration as well as external actors in coordinating planning on climate and sustainability issues. It also includes both rural and urban munici- palities thus fostering cooperation between city and hinterland. In addition, it ensures transparency in planning by evaluating energy use and trends in the region to feed the decision-making process. Furthermore, its work on developing strategies and implementing specifi c projects in the region touches the Fields of Action on Policies and Strategies and on Measures: From Policy to Action from the Sourcebook. Therefore, the Forum embodies the entire process of involving actors in planning and implementing climate-proof actions. In 2010, the Metropolitan Region’s Council Board established the Forum on Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development and until today serves as one of its main actors. Th e Forum is constituted by three leading roles: a political spokesperson (Mayor of the City of Neumarkt), a technical spokesperson (Head of section Business De- velopment and Investments at N-ERGIE electricity supplier company) and a managing director (Head of the Environment and Health Department of the City of Nuremberg). An energy evaluation takes place approximately every three years, with the aim of measuring the energy use and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the metro- politan region, and projecting future trends. Th e results of these periodic evaluations serve as key data for the Forum and its initiative groups to plan their work accordingly. Th e Economic Department of the City of Vertical greening on a facade in Nuremberg Source © Werner Geim 165
Boulevard in the City of Nuremberg Source © Werner Geim Nuremberg commissioned a local energy sector asso- ciation to undertake the 2010 evaluation. The 2013 follow up was commissioned by the Environment and Health Department and done by a municipal energy consulting firm. Since its establishment, the Forum has met quarterly, each time in a different city in the region. At the meet- ings the participants discuss the strategic and financial issues relating to the Forum’s activities. Since its founda- tion the Forum has been working on the following goals: ner. Each of the initiative groups focuses on a different topic: • Energy efficiency in the economy • Sustainable real estate • Regenerative energies – biomass • Combined heat (and cooling) and power • Housing and energy • Fair Metropolitan Region Nuremberg (fair trade • Delivering a local contribution to global mitigation efforts (implementing the climate pact of the metro- politan region), initiative) • Mitigation managers • Promoting urban-rural cooperation in the Nurem- berg Metropolitan Region, • Exchanging best practices, • Improving the communication of mitigation com- petence both internally and externally. To pursue the realisation of its goals the Forum has cre- ated seven initiative groups. Their main task is to de- velop strategies and plans which are to be implemented by private entities or municipal administrations of the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region in a coordinated man- The technology-oriented initiative groups (the first five on the list) are coordinated by the association ENERGIEregion; the Fair Metropolitan Region Nuremberg is coordinated by a city councillor of the City of Schwabach and a representative local association promoting international cooperation; and lastly, the Mitigation managers group is coordinated by the climate change mitigation officer of the City of Nurem- berg. The Forum’s members participate in the overall forum as well as in the initiative groups relevant to their area of expertise. 166
Tulips at Nuremberg Castle Source © City of Nuremberg OUTCOME TAKE-AWAYS The main product developed by the overall Forum is an Agreement on Climate Change and Urban Develop- ment (Klimapakt). It establishes a list of guiding objec- tives with a strong focus on energy issues, but also including topics of other working areas of the Forum, such as sustainable mobility and climate-friendly agri- culture. The Forum developed the draft agreement text which was then approved by the Nuremberg Metro- politan Region’s Council Board. The first Agreement on Climate Change was developed in 2012 with the main goal of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the entire region by up to 80 percent by 2050. In 2017, the Agreement was updated and set an even more ambitious goal: a 95 percent reduction of emissions by 2050. • Creating opportunities for exchange and networking is crucial when establishing cross-sectoral and re- gional working groups. • Peer-to-peer learning and sharing best practices is beneficial when creating a common vision. • Creating trust among stakeholders builds up long- term relationships. • Strong leadership enhances motivation and creates a good basis for setting ambitious goals. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Dr Susanne Sprößer Department for Environment and Health City of Nuremberg Tel: +49-911-2315942 Email: susanne.sproesser@stadt.nuernberg.de Sources Further information Website: Metropolregion Nürnberg, Forum Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung (in English: Forum on Climate Protection and Sustainable Development) 167
Santiago de Chile Santiago Zona Verde: Green Zone for Transport in Santiago Location Santiago de Chile (Municipality) Background/Introduction of the city Santiago is a municipality in the central area of the metropoli- tan region. It lies in a valley at an altitude of 556 metres above sea level, fl anked by the Andes to the east and the Chilean Coastal Range to the west. It experiences tectonic activity. Severe climate impacts Water scarcity (frequent water cuts due to drought events) Heat island effect (particularly in central and southern areas of the city) Flooding (recurrent fl oods in different areas of the city) Inhabitants 7,036,792 (Metropolitan Region) 404,495 (Municipality Region) with a daily infl ux of up to 2 million people into the Metropolitan Area of Santiago due to its functional role. Responsible Body Municipality of Santiago Status In progress Duration 2015 – until today 168
Plaza de Armas in Santiago de Chile Source © Andrea Palma 169
Gran Torre Santiago in Santiago de Chile Source © unsplash, Ximena Nahmias SUMMARY INFORMATION CONTEXT • The project Zona Verde para el Transporte en Santiago (ZVTS), (in English: Green Zone for Trans- port in Santiago), and usually simply called Santiago Zona Verde, was designed and implemented at local level in the Municipality of Santiago. • ZVTS promotes sustainable mobility as an approach to be considered in the national policy making process and encourages the active participation of local actors in the commitment to achieve climate change goals. • The goal of ZVTS is to promote and scale-up repli- cable sustainable measures to contribute to the 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions target that Chile has committed to achieving by 2020. In 2015 the Government of Chile presented its intend- ed Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 21st Conference of the Parties (COP) in Paris. Under this umbrella several projects aiming to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were developed, one of them being Zona Verde para el Trans- porte en Santiago (ZVTS). Concretely this project aims at tackling the challenge of urban pollution, which has caused several critical situations in recent years. One aspect is to promote sustainable transport including electro mobility for public buses and taxis, promoting cycling by building a bike lane network and prioritising pedestrianisation by restricting the movement of cars in certain areas and regenerating the public space to make it more liveable. 170
Colourful Paseo Bandera street Source © Andrea Palma Colourful Paseo Bandera street Source © Andrea Palma Th is project was fi rst presented in September 2014 in the offi cial record of the United Nations, with the main objective of reducing the greenhouse gases (GHGs) caused by the transport sector. In 2015 the project was offi cially launched with an agreement between the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications and the Municipality of Santiago. Each party committed to carry out diff erent and specifi c actions needed to implement the ZVTS Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA). NAMAs refers to a set of policies and actions that coun- tries undertake as part of a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Th is was the fi rst registered NAMA related to sustain- able transport in Chile that was led by a municipality (local actor), representing a breakthrough in the inclu- sion of new actors taking part in the eff orts to mitigate the impacts of climate change. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The Zona Verde para el Transporte en Santiago (ZVTS) is framed by the international agreement adopted in Paris 2015 at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Paris agreement proposed a bottom-up governance structure with countries setting their own measures for climate change mitigation. In terms of the Fields of Action the ZVTS project is predominantly related to Measures: From Policy to Action. However, other fields of action are also touched on. The project focuses on a limited geographical area – the municipality of Santiago – and establishes specific objectives for it, which helps to enhance the project’s effectiveness. The project has a system to prioritise different actions consider- ing finance and resources for their implementation. Finally, as a learning process, the ZVTS is document- ing the capacity building needs at the local level and generating insights on how to localise Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). 171
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change PROCESS The Zona Verde para el Transporte en Santiago (ZVTS) is an initiative that combines the national and local levels of government and the private sector. It is an ini- tiative coordinated by the Ministry of Transport and Telecommunication (MTT) and the Ministry of Envi- ronment (MMA). At the municipal (local) level it in- volves the Deputy Secretary, the Mobility Department, the Planning Secretary and Operations Department. The contribution from the private sector comes from the Corporation for the Development of Santiago (CORDESAN), technology providers, service providers and operators. The implementation of the project included four measures: 1 Promoting Zero Level Emission Vehicles (ZLEV): the aim is to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by taxis and the municipal fleet of vehicles in Santiago, by using vehicles with zero or low emissions, such as electric or hybrid vehicles. 2 Using more efficient buses for public transport: the objective is to reduce the GHG emissions from public buses by using electric or hybrid buses, including a free electric bus line. 3 Promoting non-motorised vehicles: by implement- ing more cycle lanes and public bicycle systems to reduce rides using private vehicles. 4 Transit management and redesign: the goal is to integrate more efficient ways of transportation in the available space, like public transportation, cycling and walking. Figure 17: The Four Measures Included in the Santiago Zona Verde The four measures included in the Santiago Zona Verde Integration of measures under development in the area of impact Sustainable Urban Mobility: Considering liveable qualities and improving the quality of the environment Promoting public transport by exclusive lanes and control cameras Promoting change in behaviour patterns of transport users Source © Zona Verde para el Transporte en Santiago 172 NAMA ZVTS Mobility Plan Centre Plan Individual Initiatives
CFCC International Network Case Studies Urban street view in Santiago de Chile Source © Andrea Palma 173
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change A bicycle rental station in Santiago de Chile Source © Amina Schild Map 07: Map of Zona Verde Santiago Parking and stations for e-buses Connectivity solutions for bike lanes Areas with bikes and cars sharing lanes Public bike parking Pedestrianisation projects Underground bike parking Overground bike parking Bike lanes Existing bike lanes Projected semi-pedestrianisation areas Exclusive lanes for hybrid and e-buses Existing pedestrianisation projects Source © Zona Verde para el Transporte en Santiago 174
CFCC International Network Case Studies TAKE-AWAYS • The cooperation between multiple actors was crucial for the success of the initiative. • Despite the fact that the initiative was initially designed for mitigation in the transport sector, its implementation phase impacted on urban develop- ment aspects. • The regeneration of the public space to allow the implementation of new mobility models promoted new commercial activities and made the public space more liveable. • The first evidence of improvements in the public space sustained the commitment of the actors involved in the project. • The project is promoting a normative framework that can be further improved, making mobility an inte- grated action in the public space. • The project showed the usefulness of engaging the private sector in all stages of the project. Since 2016 the municipality of Santiago and the in- volved ministries have commissioned a consulting firm to conduct Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of the measures already implemented. The results of this MRV will be used to improve and expand the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) as well as to replicate it in other areas of the country. Measures considered two objectives: a change in the technological transport system by incorporating electro buses and taxis. In addition, an integration of transport modes was incorporated by including non-motorised transport methods and redesigning the mobility system. OUTCOME Until 2016 the following goals were achieved: • New cycle lanes strengthening the network in the historic downtown of Santiago. • New electric taxis: 3 electric taxis were put in service through a public-private alliance. • First electric bus: with a public-private alliance the first electric bus in Chile was put in service. A possible expansion scenario considers the incorpora- tion of 60 new electric taxis in Santiago and 200 buses from the Santiago public transport plan (TRANSAN- TIAGO) will be replaced by electric buses. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Nancy Manríquez Donoso Manager of Regulation of Mobile Sources (Original job title in Spanish: Encargada Regulación Fuentes Móviles) Metropolitan Secretary of the Ministry of the Environment Email: nmanriquez@mma.gob.cl Sources Further information (in Spanish) Website: Sistemas Sustenables, Estudio de actual- ización de la NAMA Zona Verde para el Transporte en Santiago (in English: Study to update the NAMA Green Zone for Transport in Santiago), 2014 175
View over Stuttgart Source © J. Baumüller, City of Stuttgart 176
Stuttgart Climate Change Adaptation Concept (KLIMAKS) Location Stuttgart, Germany Background/Introduction of the city Stuttgart lies in a bowl-shaped valley about 270 metres above sea-level and on the river Neckar. The city is at an altitude of 245 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Heat (30 days per year with thermal stress) Inhabitants 628,032 Responsible Body Department of Urban Climatology, Offi ce for Environmental Protection Status Under implementation and updating Duration from 2012 on, with permanent nature 177
View of the New Palace in Stuttgart Source © J. Baumüller, City of Stuttgart SUMMARY INFORMATION • Stuttgart’s Climate Change Adaptation Concept (KLIMAKS, in German: Klimawandelanpassung- skonzept) establishes specific measures to include climate adaptation aspects in urban development and public service management in the city. • It is an effort to localise the national Climate Change Adaptation Strategy adopted in 2008 by the German government. • The development of the concept has been possible thanks to a cooperation process involving many departments in the city administration and other local actors. CONTEXT The urban climate is strongly influenced by the very low wind speed and lack of wind altitude replacement lead- ing to thermal stress in the Stuttgart basin. The unfavour- able air pressure distribution is due to Stuttgart’s local topographic peculiarity of the Kessellage (in English: boiler location) and to its overall geographic context sur- rounded by various wind-shielding mountain ranges. With most of the built-up area lying in the bottom of the valley surrounded by hills up to 300 meters and higher, it is one of the warmest locations in Germany, experiencing thermal stress on more than 30 days per year. Moreover, climate change-led climatic patterns are making this situation worse. According to a 2017 study by the German Weather Service the period 1981–2010 saw an increase of 0.14 days with thermal stress per year. The Climate Change Adaptation Concept aims at tack- ling this and other climate-related challenges. The actors involved in developing the concept are mu- nicipal departments with responsibilities in related the- matic areas, the local public transport company, the local water supplier, the regional energy supplier, other municipal companies, and the Federal Agency for Environmental Protection. The concept targets firstly the city administration itself to ensure that climate change aspects are included in many working areas of the city administration beyond the Office for Climate Change Mitigation. Secondly, local political actors are targeted to raise awareness of the need for political action to tackle the effects of climate change. Lastly, the concept targets the citizens as main beneficiaries of a climate-adapted situation. 178
View over Stuttgart Source © J. Mende, City of Stuttgart In terms of fi nancing, the Department of Urban Climatology holds primary responsibility for the elabo- ration, update and coordination tasks. In addition, every municipal offi ce or institution involved contrib- utes with its own budget for implementing the measures which they are in charge of. If they do not have enough funds to implement a measure they must apply for extra funding from the municipal budget. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION Stuttgart’s Climate Change Adaptation Concept mostly relates to the Field of Action on Policies and Strate- gies. The concept is fully integrated with the national climate change adaptation strategy and is based on data provided by the actors involved, an external evaluation and citizen input. It aims not only at cre- ating specifi c measures assessing the needs, risks and change potential, but also at establishing an overarching strategy where each measure is initially evaluated and prioritised in accordance with the other measures. PROCESS Th e aim of the concept is to distribute the responsibility to act on climate change adaptation across municipal offi ces and to integrate climate aspects into their work. Th e trigger to start this concept was a proposal by a local political party in the city council to design a climate change adaptation plan. Th e council approved this in 2010 and the Department of Urban Climatology under the Offi ce for Environmental Protection was assigned the responsibility of developing the concept. Th e Depart- ment elaborated a rough proposal for a local concept including a list of fi elds of action based on the German government’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy: human health, construction, water regime, land, bio- logical diversity, agriculture, forestry, transport, tourism, and the transversal topic of city planning. Th e Department of Urban Climatology fi rst organised a workshop where all departments of the city administra- tion and external actors with competence in topics relat- ing to the fi elds of action nominated representatives to take part. Together, they established an interdisciplinary working group to continue elaborating the concept. Th ereafter, there was an assessment phase through which all actors proposed priorities and needs in their fi eld of 179
Aerial view of Stuttgart Media University campus Source © Max Böttinger, unsplash 180
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Making Cities Fit for Climate Change competence. With this input, 53 measures were specified, with the following details for each one of them: specific objectives, the level of priority, the influence capacity of the city administration, the costs, the risks of not taking action, and the municipal office responsible for imple- mentation. For example, the Civil Engineering Office is responsible for flood protection measures as it oversees the city drainage infrastructure, and the Health Author- ity is responsible for heat wave response. The climate change adaptation plan was finalised and approved in 2012 and the implementation phase started. During this phase, the working group met twice a year and sub-groups related to each field of action met when needed. Topic-based public events were also held to make particular measures more specific and to give citizens the chance to express their concerns and needs, and to warn on potential adverse effects of the planned implementa- tion. Each public event was organised and chaired by the responsible members of the working group. The leading role of the overall Climate Change Adapa- tion Concept lies with the Department of Urban Clima- tology. The department is responsible for creating and coordinating the interdisciplinary working group and its meetings, as well as coordinating the elaboration, update and evaluation of the concept. In terms of implementa- tion, the responsibility is widely distributed among all municipal offices and institutions involved, with the exception of the Federal Environmental Protection Agen- cy, whose role focuses on providing input to assure the alignment of the local concept with the national goals. View over Stuttgart Source © J. Mende, City of Stuttgart 182
CFCC International Network Case Studies OUTCOME TAKE-AWAYS The Climate Change Adapation Concept (KLIMAKS) has achieved the inclusion of climate change adaptation aspects across all working areas of the local government, while giving a local response to the national adaptation goals. The resulting agreement has materialised the con- cept in 53 measures to be implemented by a wide range of actors. Currently, around 90% of the measures have been implemented or are underway, while a small num- ber of them are solving budgetary issues before starting implementation. Given that the overall concept is seen as a permanent task, many measures have an ongoing nature, such as climate change adapted building codes or flood protection measures. Most of them have a regulatory orientation, but many also provide incen- tives, such as a measure that fosters lower taxes for owners with greater green space in their property. In 2016 the KLIMOPASS climate change research pro- gramme of the Baden-Württemberg state government carried out an external evaluation of the concept’s im- plementation including a survey of the measures. Among other issues, the effectiveness of green roofs in retaining precipitation and the factors hindering this were analysed. In addition, the Association of the Re- gion Stuttgart (in German: Verband Region Stuttgart) carried out a vulnerability analysis and, together with the Department of Urban Climatology, developed a climate document to justify the most sensible measures. Since mid-2017 the concept has been undergoing an updating phase. The Department of Urban Climatol- ogy has used the results of the KLIMOPASS evaluation and has also called on all actors involved to propose new measures and improvements to the current ones. This process is allowing a common reflection on progress in implementing the measures and a reassessment of who is responsible for their implementation. As a conclusion to this phase, an updated version of the concept will be published. • The platform for exchanging ideas and working to- gether among different municipal offices and external institutions is very valuable for increasing the effec- tiveness of the measures because it aligns them with other issues beyond the direct control of the admin- istration. • It could be valuable to incorporate its own monitor- ing system into the Climate Change Adapation Concept (KLIMAKS), and this possibility will soon be discussed in the working group. • Equipping the concept with its own budget would provide greater autonomy and capacity to cover the costs of further update processes, allow faster imple- mentation and help to establish an internal evalua- tion system. • A need to strengthen the concept’s continuous nature has been identified, through which measures will not be seen as actions that finish at a certain point, but as processes that continue over time through perma- nent improvements. Sources Further information (partly only available in German) Document: Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Klima- anpassungskonzept Stuttgart KLIMAKS (in English: Document: Climate Change Adaptation Concept KLIMAKS), 2012 Document: H. Mayer, H. Lee, A. Oertel, R. Schulze Dieckhoff, M. Schmid, B. Steinerstauch, T. Lampen, R. Kapp, U. Reuter and H. Oediger, KlippS – Klima- planungspass Stuttgart (in English: KlippS – Climate Planning Pass Stuttgart), 2015 CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Online article: Panorama – Solutions for a Healthy Planet, Green aeration corridors in Stuttgart City, 2017 For questions about the overall plan: Rainer Kapp Head of Department Department of Urban Climatology Office of Environmental Protection City of Stuttgart Tel.: +49 711 216-88625 Email: Rainer.Kapp@stuttgart.de Document: Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart and Deutscher Wetterdienst, Stadtklimatische Untersuchungen der sommerlichen Wärmebelastung in Stuttgart als Grundlage zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel (in English: Urban climate studies of the summer heat stress in Stuttgart as a basis for adaptation to climate change), 2017 183
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Further International Case Studies Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain Nouakchott, Mauritania Recife, Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentina 184
Further International Case Studies Seoul, South Korea Gorakhpur, India Zhuhai, China Da Nang, Vietnam Balikpapan, Indonesia 185
Fountain at Balikpapan Source © Wikimedia 186
Balikpapan Waste-to-Energy Project at the Manggar Landfi ll Location Balikpapan, Indonesia Background/Introduction of the city Balikpapan is a seaport city on the east coast of the island of Borneo, in the province of East Kalimantan. The city features a tropical rainforest climate as there is no dry season and has little climatic variation throughout the year. The city is at an altitude of 67 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts The combination of a high precipitation of 2,400 millimetres on average per year and the soil that contains yellow- reddish podzolic soil and alluvial and quartz sand makes the ground extremely prone to erosion. Inhabitants 706,414 Responsible Body Technical Implementation Unit of the Manggar landfi ll, Balikpapan City Government Status In operation Duration Since 2012 with permanent nature 187
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Street view at Balikpapan Source © Wikimedia SUMMARY INFORMATION CONTEXT • The Manggar landfill in Balikpapan has initiated a project to turn the methane gas produced by the landfill into energy through power generators and distribute it to homes and businesses in the sur- rounding communities free of charge. • Methane gas is produced by decomposing waste and captured by pipes inside the landfill cells, as well as from treated leachate liquids derived from waste. Through avoiding the release of methane gas and increased energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions are mitigated. • The municipal project is supported by local compa- nies, which have built the piping supply system to distribute methane to the neighbours using their corporate social responsibility programmes. Balikpapan is one of the largest cities of the island of Borneo and has experienced fast growth over recent decades mainly due to the exploitation of natural and mineral resources. This growth has been accompanied by common problems that cities experience, such as increasing waste production in the city amounting to 320 tons daily in 2012. Consequently, waste manage- ment is becoming an increasingly complex duty for the local government. Located in East Balikpapan, the Manggar landfill covers 44.86 hectares and the facility accommodates and man- ages all solid waste generated locally. It uses an environ- mentally friendly sanitary landfill system, with sealed waste disposal cells that minimise the risk of contamina- tion by leachate liquids seeping down into the underly- ing soil and aquifers. 188
Further International Case Studies Nevertheless, the landfi ll produces waste-derived gases, mainly methane, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and pose health risks to neighbouring com- munities. In order to off set this damage, the Manggar landfi ll is capturing and using methane as a source of renewable energy for use at the landfi ll and by surround- ing communities. Th e actors involved are the Technical Implementation Unit and the Technical Team of the Manggar landfi ll, the Balikpapan City Environmental Service and several local companies, mainly from the energy and oil and gas sector. Th e Waste-to-Energy project is fi nanced, on the one hand, by the municipal budget to maintain the technical equipment at the landfi ll. On the other hand, the involved companies fi nance the pipe connections to supply gas to neighbouring communities through their corporate social responsibility programmes. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The innovative Waste-to-Energy project of the Manggar landfi ll represents a good example of the Field of Action on Measures: from Policy to Action. A key element of this project is the mobilisation of untapped gas resources to cut emissions, while using them to create a valuable renewable energy source. Additionally, the gas is used locally in the surround- ing communities, making the system cost effi cient and sustainable. PROCESS Th e project has been carried out by using the potential and added value contained in waste and turning it into a productive asset with real value for the community. Arrest of methane gas in the fi nal discharge of leachate in the landfi ll zone Source © Tonny Hartono, Manggar Landfi ll Catching methane gas in the Manggar landfi ll Source © Tonny Hartono, Manggar Landfi ll 189
Balikpapan city entrance Source © Tourism, Youth Services and Sports, City of Balikpapan Making Cities Fit for Climate Change The main objectives of the project were to reduce meth- ane gas pollution into the air and hence its impact on climate change, as well as on the surrounding neigh- bours’ health. In addition, the initiative aimed at provid- ing energy independence to the landfill facility and providing free and safe gas for cooking and heating water to the community. The Technical Implementation Unit of the Manggar landfill started the project by creating a technical team of own staff led by the head of unit to support the design of the methane capture system. The project’s develop- ment process started with study visits by the Technical Team of Manggar landfill to various landfills in other regions of the country where methane was already being used to generate energy. Afterwards, the team created a feasibility study for the Manggar landfill, defining the part of the landfill where the system would be installed. Further experts on methane gas utilisation were con- sulted for the system’s design and construction. In parallel, the Balikpapan City Government initiated cooperation schemes with local energy and oil and gas companies to play an active role in the project. They committed to build the piping system and gas installa- tions to distribute the methane gas from the landfill to neighbouring homes and businesses by means of their corporate social responsibility programmes. These com- panies included Pertamina, Petrosea, Pama Persada Nu- santara, Reman and United Tractor to mention some. The construction of the distribution network included contacting neighbours to get their consent and to gather their opinions on the way it should be built. The system was finalised and inaugurated by the Mayor in Novem- ber 2012. The operational management of the Manggar landfill is under the control of its Technical Implemen- tation Unit, whose formation is based on regulations of the Department of Sanitation, City Parks and Cemeter- ies of the City of Balikpapan. Since 2017, due to chang- es in the organisational structure, the Technical Imple- mentation Unit has been overseen by the Balikpapan City Environmental Service. OUTCOME The results of the Waste-to-Energy project in Balikpa- pan are an excellent example of how untapped resourc- es can be used to cut greenhouse gas emissions and cre- ate renewable energy at a very low cost. Since the sanitary landfill is sealed on its ground, the leachate liquid produced by the waste does not percolate under- ground and the methane can be captured from two sources: 70% from the outlet leachate treated and trans- formed into methane and 30% from ventilation pipes inside the landfill cells. The methane is transferred to a biogas generator set that generates electricity to power the landfill’s offices and the leachate water treatment, 190
lighting and processing machines making the facility energy independent. It also powers the street lighting in the surrounding areas saving public expenditure. The rest of the methane is distributed free of charge to an increasing number of homes and businesses (150 by the end of 2016) in the neighbouring communities. The beneficiaries can use it to fuel gas stoves, heat water or generate their own electricity with electricity generators of up to 40,000 watt. In addition, the landfill’s methane emissions have been reduced improving the air quality and thereby lowering health risks. Figure 18: Number of Homes and Businesses Supplied with Methane Gas Number of homes and businesses supplied with methane gas 150 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source © City of Balikpapan The Balikpapan City Government assisted by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is currently reviewing the possibility of exploiting methane gas in the entire landfill to optimise its use and hence make it available to more of the local community. In addition, several districts and municipal governments have carried out comparative studies and field studies at the Manggar Further International Case Studies landfill and aim at replicating the methane utilisation project. Lastly, the Manggar landfill is also reinforcing its educational visits programme to showcase the meth- ane gas project, as well as the recycling and composting facilities, to students and interested citizens. TAKE-AWAYS • A small project using untapped resources with a relatively low operating cost can have a big positive impact on local environmental, social and econom- ic sustainability. • There is a high level of acceptance in the beneficiary communities, particularly because they can dispense with their inconvenient liquefied petroleum gas cyl- inders for energy supply, which were used before the free-of-charge methane gas became available. • Despite the overall efficient operation, the equipment - Clogging pipes due to the high amount of water in the captured methane in the landfill cells. - Occasional leakages because the distribution system is not standardised and uses water piping, which is suboptimal for methane supply. - The generator set that produces electricity at the landfill needs high maintenance, as it uses a recy- cled engine and its voltage output is unstable, making the electricity distributed out of the land- fill only useful for street lighting. • The municipal budget to support the project is limited, impeding proper technical maintenance. • Further efforts need to be made to involve the residents in maintaining the distribution pipes. Sources 110 has some flaws: 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 77 68 34 CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Tonny Hartono Head of the Technical Implementation Unit Manggarlandfill City of Balikpapan Tel.: +62 (0)813471098080 / +62 (0)81347109080 Email: tonnyhartono.tpamanggar@gmail.com Further information (in Indonesian) Video: Gibran Hawwari, Inovasi Gas Metan TPA Manggar Balikpapan (in English: Manggar Balikpapan landfill methane gas innovation), 2017 191
View over Buenos Aires Source © Sander Crombach, unsplash 192
Buenos Aires Climate Change Action Plan 2020 Location Buenos Aires, Argentina Background/Introduction of the city Buenos Aires is located on the coast of the Río de la Plata estuary and has a humid subtropical climate. The city is at an altitude of 31 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Heatwaves (in 2013 a 9-day-long heatwave with temperatures ranging between 24–39 °C was recorded) Flooding (frequent fl ooding in coastal areas due to the ‘Sudestada’ meteorological phenomenon which causes intense wind and rain) Inhabitants 2,890,151 Responsible Body Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Environment and Public Space, Government of the City of Buenos Aires Status Under implementation and review Duration 2015–2020 193
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change SUMMARY INFORMATION • The Climate Change Action Plan 2020 (PACC 2020, in Spanish: Plan de Acción de Cambio Climático 2020) responds to the commitment of the Govern- ment of the city of Buenos Aires to contribute to the global climate change mitigation efforts and to respond to climate threats in the city. • The PACC 2020 defines the goals for the period 2015–2020 and is based on the previous ‘Climate Change Action Plan 2010–2030’, with the difference that it has a Climate Change Act regulating it. • As established by law, the plan must be updated every five years. CONTEXT Buenos Aires is exposed to different climatic threats, such as heatwaves, extreme precipitation and floods, which have a greater impact in neighbourhoods with high socio-economic vulnerability. In the last 50 years there has been a 30% increase in precipitation concen- trated in shorter periods of time enhancing the threat of flooding. In addition, the temperature has increased by 0.13 °C per decade and there is a strong urban heat island effect. The Environmental Protection Agency under the city’s Ministry of Environment and Public Space is responsi- ble for the elaboration and review of the Climate Change Action Plan 2020 (PACC 2020). In addition, municipal departments (holding the title of ministries in Argentina) with competence in climate-related issues – such as Health, Culture, Education, Urban Develop- ment and Transport, among others – participate in the framework of an Inter-ministerial Team; and expert scientists and local Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) focusing on climate issues participate under an Advisory Council. The PACC 2020 addresses all citizens as final beneficiaries, as well as all areas of government to include criteria for mitigation and adaptation in pub- lic policy planning. 194 People cycling along the coast of Buenos Aires Source © Government of the City of Buenos Aires
Th e elaboration and monitoring of the PACC 2020 is fi nanced by the Environmental Protection Agency and the implementation of the measures is fi nanced by each ministry based on their competences and, in some cas- es, using international co-fi nancing. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The Climate Change Action Plan 2020 (PACC 2020) represents the Field of Action on Policies and Strate- gies. This is because, by mandate of the local council, it involves various government and social actors in discussing and achieving specifi c goals. In addition, planning is based on scientifi c empirical evidence, such as the study of trend scenarios and climatic variables, and supports national objectives for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Further International Case Studies PROCESS Th e plan’s mitigation goal is to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 10% by 2020, and 30% by 2030, compared with the ‘business as usual’ emissions increase scenarios. On the other hand, the adaptation goal is to prepare the city to minimise damage to human health, infrastructure and economic development in cases where they are aff ected by climate impacts. Th e Climate Change Management Unit has coordi- nated the plan’s development process in an interdisci- plinary manner basing decisions on climate, emissions and vulnerability data, and on the opinions of stake- holders. Th e process began by identifying the climate- related tasks carried out so far by the diff erent ministries and discussing the suitability and prioritisation of dif- ferent adaptation and mitigation actions in an Inter- ministerial Team meeting. By law, the Inter-ministerial Team’s contributions are binding, and the ministers must meet once a year, but additional sectoral meetings Street view with the Obelisco de Buenos Aires in the background Source © Pixabay 195
View over Buenos Aires Source © Andrea Leopardi, unsplash 196
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Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Solar panels on Metrobús stops on 9 de Julio Avenue Source © Government of the City of Buenos Aires are held with the technical staff of the ministries. For example, the Climate Change Management Unit meets with the General Directorate of Civil Defence 3– 4 times a year to discuss the early warning system. At the same time, the Advisory Council, composed of scientists and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), advises the Climate Change Management Unit on the plan’s con- tent and on the definition of specific actions by giving their expert opinion and suggestions for amendments. Although the Advisory Council’s contributions are not legally binding, by law it must meet three times a year. The meetings include plenary sessions and flexible topic-focused subgroups, adapting to meet the needs of the process. For example, by proposal of the Advisory Council, a citizens’ awareness programme on heatwaves was carried out. In addition, a consulting firm calculated CO2 emissions reductions and compiled the emissions inventory. Finally, the Climate Change Action Plan 2020 (PACC 2020) was published on an online platform to allow citizens to pose questions and make comments, which were considered in the final document. OUTCOME In 2015 the Climate Change Action Plan 2020 (PACC 2020) was published providing Buenos Aires with a long-term strategy that has led different areas of govern- ment to integrate climate change criteria into their work and to direct their efforts towards meeting the agreed objectives. 198
Further International Case Studies TAKE-AWAYS • • • • • Buenos Aires has positioned itself as a benchmark for climate change in Latin America. The type and number of meetings with the stake- holders has been efficient so that the plan and its measures include input from all possible perspec- tives. Higher status for the Climate Change Management Unit in the government hierarchy could help to increase the relevance of climate change in the government and bring about more effective coordi- nation with other ministries. It would be useful to create an information system shared by all the actors to carry out indicator-based monitoring, and to facilitate the surveying, process- ing and accessibility of the data. It would be useful to enhance the staff capacity to add more citizen participation activities. The mitigation measures are structured around four axes: change in the transport modes; waste management; energy efficiency and renewable energies; and urban woodland (which is also considered as an adaptation axis). On the other hand, the adaptation measures are structured around five axes: information and response to climate emergencies; hydraulic infrastructure (flood risk reduction); health and climate change (reduction of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, as climate change facilitates their development); wooded and green sur- faces; and georeferencing and risk mapping. In addition, awareness-raising activities are carried out concerning both mitigation and adaptation issues, such as the comprehensive awareness programme on local climate impacts in the most vulnerable sectors of society. The current implementation status of the measures varies with many of them being ongoing. The Environmental Protection Agency reports annually to the local council on their progress. The global mitigation goal is moni- tored using annual inventories of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. For monitoring adaptation measures, indica- tors are being developed for future use. The next steps of the plan are to update the measures for the next pe- riod (2020–2025) and the drafting, together with the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40), of an action plan to make Buenos Aires carbon neutral by 2050. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Sources For general and mitigation-related issues: Dr Patricia Himschoot Manager Climate Change Management Unit Climate Protection Agency Ministry of Environment and Public Space Government of the City of Buenos Aires Tel: +54 (11) 4124-7900 ext: 1148 Email: patriciah.apra@gmail.com For adaptation-related issues: Abigail Corizzo Technical Assistant Climate Change Management Unit Climate Protection Agency Ministry of Environment and Public Space Government of the City of Buenos Aires Tel: +54 (0) 4124 7900 ext: 1145 Email: abigailcorizzo@gmail.com Further information Website: Buenos Aires Ciudad, Plan de Acción frente al Cambio Climático 2020 (PACC 2020) (in English: Climate Change Action Plan 2020) 199
Da Nang Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Offi ce (CCCO) Location Da Nang, Vietnam Background/Introduction of the city Da Nang is located on the coast of central Vietnam and has a tropical monsoon climate. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the country. The city is at an altitude of 11 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Typhoons (frequent in the rainy season, with increasing recurrence) Floods (yearly fl oods in riverine and low lying areas) Droughts (severe droughts almost annually in the dry season) Inhabitants 1,028,800 Responsible Body Climate Change Coordination Offi ce (CCCO) Several relevant departments of Da Nang People’s Committee, including the CCCO Status Established and operating Duration Since 2011 with permanent nature 200
View over Da Nang Source © CCCO 201
Da Nang coastline with fishing boats Source © CCCO SUMMARY INFORMATION CONTEXT • The Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) was established by the local government of Da Nang (Da Nang People’s Committee). • The aim of the CCCO is to provide the city with an administrative agency to carry out projects to miti- gate and adapt to climate change. It coordinates actions with different city departments and collabo- rates with local and international organisations. • It has been one of the most successful CCCOs established in Vietnamese cities; mainly because its widespread recognition among local governmental institutions has enabled the effective involvement of stakeholders. The city struggles with some of the most severe natural disasters in Vietnam. Since 1980 the mean temperature has increased 0.02 °C, rainfall has increased 15–25 mm yearly, the sea level has risen up to 0.38 cm per year and droughts are more frequent. Moreover, typhoons are getting stronger, reaching speeds of 150 km per hour, which can be very dangerous. In 2006 the damage caused by Typhoon Xangsane amounted to almost 50% of Da Nang’s annual gross domestic product (DGP). In recent years, damage caused by storms has caused loss- es of more than €62 million and the five biggest floods have caused 82 deaths and more than €106 million in damages. Da Nang is one of the three cities in Vietnam that has established a Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO), which is a unique kind of governmental body to tackle climate change locally. The Da Nang People’s 202
Thuan Phuoc Bridge over the Han River at Da Nang Source © CCCO Committee has set up the CCCO under the manage- ment of the Da Nang Steering Committee for Response to Climate Change. Moreover, the CCCO works together with the Department of Natural Resources (DoNRE). Outside the Da Nang municipality, the CCCO collaborates with international actors, such as the Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET), the Rockefeller Foundation and its 100 Resil- ient Cities programme, and the World Resources Institute (WRI). Th e actions carried out by the CCCO target the soci- ety of Da Nang, particularly the population living under vulnerable conditions and businesses. Lastly, the work of the CCCO also targets the other departments of the city government to increase their engagement in climate change-related eff orts. Regarding its fi nancing, the CCCO is partly fi nanced by the People’s Committee, which covers the costs of some staff members, and by international organisations, such as the Rockefeller Foundation, which fi nanced setting up the offi ce and several of its projects. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The Climate Change Coordination Offi ce (CCCO) represents mainly the Field of Action on Governance and Management, as a platform to coordinate cross- sectoral efforts on climate change, with the strong leadership of the Steering Committee and involvement of external actors. It also touches aspects of the Fields of Action on Measures: From Policy to Action and Capacity Development respectively. As the main task of the CCCO is implementing measures locally, awareness raising and knowledge sharing are a signifi cant part of its work. 203
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change PROCESS The Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) works as a problem-oriented agency in the city, outside the existing municipal departments. The technical and financial support of international organisations has played a key role throughout its history. The CCCO is responsible for planning and coordinating climate change response activities and promoting integration of the climate change resilience concept into urban plan- ning. The ultimate goal of its activities is to increase the resilience of vulnerable groups to climate change, such as poor communities or businesses based in low-lying areas impacted by flooding. In 2010, the city government needed an agency able to carry out projects specifically about climate change. It applied to the Rockefeller Foundation for funding to set it up, which was awarded after a year of examina- tions. Along with the CCCO, the municipality also created two other related bodies: 1) a Steering Commit- tee on Climate Change and Sea Level Rise (its name changed later to Steering Committee for Response to Climate Change), which supervises and gives a mandate to the CCCO; and 2) a Working Group for Climate Change Response, which provides technical assistance, plans and implements projects together with the CCCO. In addition, the Department of Natural Resources (DoNRE) provides staff capacity and techni- cal expertise to the CCCO. The Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET) based in Hanoi, an organisation external to the municipal government, provides expert advice particu- larly in developing project proposals. In terms of inter- national actors, the CCCO works closely with the 100 Resilient Cities programme of the Rockefeller Founda- tion and with the World Resources Institute (WRI), which funds many of its projects and facilitates inter- national technical exchanges. For specific projects, the Traditional boats at the Hoai River in Hoi An near Da Nang Source © pixabay 204
Further International Case Studies CCCO cooperates with other local or international organisations, such as the universities of Japan, Germany or the Netherlands. The CCCO holds one to two yearly meetings with rel- evant city departments in the frame of the Steering Committee to discuss organisational issues. In addition, the Working Group, which is composed of 20 repre- sentatives of different municipal departments, meets monthly to discuss technical ideas for existing and future projects. With this input, the CCCO develops project proposals and submits these to international organisations to request funding. After the funding is secured, the People’s Committee must provide permis- sion to carry out the implementation. In addition, the People’s Committee funds some projects, in which case the implementation is shared with other departments. Once the project is underway, stakeholder consultation meetings are organised with further actors, such as affected businesses or citizens. For example, in order to build a new public space in a neighbourhood, the CCCO organised meetings with residents to gather their needs and ideas, based on this architects drew up a list of options. Afterwards, the residents had a chance to evaluate these again before agreeing on a final design. OUTCOME Since the Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) started, it has delivered outcomes in different areas and cooperated with various international organ- isations, national ministries, provinces and cities in Vietnam to build its resilience planning and coordina- tion activities and share the results. In the beginning the focus was on adaptation actions, which has slowly shifted to mitigation, mainly on controlling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 205
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 206 Children at a rocky coastline near Da Nang Source © pixabay
In terms of awareness raising, the CCCO has engaged with different local audiences for them to become more conscious about climate risks and be better prepared to tackle severe impacts. So far, over 20,000 people have been reached including students, business owners and persons living in vulnerable areas. The CCCO has also developed or collaborated in vulnerability assessments for different sectors and districts, a comprehensive assessment aimed at increasing water resilience in Da Nang and land use plans for vulnerable areas. On the mitigation side, the CCCO developed modelling tools for water resource planning, energy consumption and flood management and it supports the Department of Natural Resources (DoNRE) with calculating the local GHG emissions inventory and designs scenarios for low carbon development. It has also created a handbook for early warning systems, a water management tool with a Water Evaluation and Planning System and procedures for integrating climate change criteria into the city’s socio-economic development planning. Moreover, it developed the City Resilience Strategy with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation and currently carries out a project for energy efficiency with the World Resources Institute (WRI). Regarding monitoring, the municipal Department of Planning and Investments regularly assesses the work of the CCCO. In addition, the CCCO creates a monthly report on its activities for the People’s Committee, the Steering Committee, relevant city departments and international sponsors. In addition, for projects funded by external sponsors, the relevant organisation evaluates the project based on predefined criteria and objectives. Further International Case Studies In the short term, the CCCO plans to further cooperate with international organisations to organise workshops and training. Nevertheless, access to funding will be- come challenging in the longer term, as Vietnam is now considered a middle income country and therefore is not easily entitled to international development funds. Moreover, the city budget is limited and mostly focused on construction of infrastructure. TAKE-AWAYS • • • • • • Human capacity development of the Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) staff for long- term activities has been critical to tackle the initial lack of climate change expertise internally. In the beginning, the CCCO officers had to learn to work transversally with many local and interna- tional actors, as required in climate change-related projects. It is important to apply for future projects well in advance to avoid gaps in between projects. Involving other city departments in the decision- making process has resulted in raising their interest in including climate considerations in their plan- ning. It is easier to get the needed information from other departments through the technical Working Group than from the higher-level Steering Committee. After years of work, the international community holds Da Nang’s efforts in response to climate change and sea level rise in high regard, which facilitates receiving support for further projects. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Dr Dinh Quang Cuong Head of General Division, Da Nang Office of People’s Committee Director Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) Da Nang Chief Resilience Officer (CRO) Tel.: +84 913 075072 Email: cuongdq@danang.gov.vn; dqucuong@yahoo.com Skype: dinh.quang.cuong Sources Further information Website: Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) Video: 3S Intersoft JSC, Climate Change Coordination Office, 2016 207
Gorakhnath Math temple in Gorakhpur Source © wikimedia 208
Gorakhpur Implementing and Promoting Ward-Level Micro Resilience Planning Location Gorakhpur, India Background/Introduction of the city The city of Gorakhpur is located in the north-eastern part of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh in the basin of the Rapti and Rohin rivers and is known for its proximity to Nepal. The city is challenged by water-related problems. The city is at an altitude of 83 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Gorakhpur district is one of the districts most exposed to fl oods in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Floods are affecting the city with increased intensity and frequency. The city’s physiographic is bowl-shaped resulting in inward drainage. Overall, there is a considerable increase in extreme climatic events. Inhabitants 670,000 Responsible Body Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG) Status Completed Duration December 2010 – September 2014 209
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Flooded street Source © Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group SUMMARY INFORMATION CONTEXT • The project established micro-planning mechanisms in the Mahewa ward in Gorakhpur to make improve- ments in multiple sectors including agriculture and livelihoods, solid waste and drainage management, water and sanitation, housing, health and education. • The project targets its activities of capacity building at household-, neighbourhood-, ward- and munici- pal-levels. It advocates the integration of climate resilience in the overall urban development planning process. • A focus is to strengthen the role of the local govern- ment. The establishment of a ward-level committee and community leadership, which kept the activities going, supports the sustainability of the project. The city of Gorakhpur is prone to frequent flooding and water logging caused by extreme precipitation, topo- graphy, improper development and poor solid waste management. Moreover, the city’s authorities lack capacities to deal with extreme events. In the face of climate change and greater rainfall variability, this is likely to be further exacerbated. The city’s less privileged population is the most affected, typically dwelling in the most marginalised and flood prone areas and facing health and mobility challenges. The ward-level resilience planning has been promoted and implemented by the Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG) in cooperation with Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation, Gorakhpur Development Authority, District Disaster Management Authority, Agriculture and Horticulture Department Government of Uttar Pradesh, Radio Mantra, Mahanagar Paryavaran Manch, consultancy firm ARUP, Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET International) and Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development 210
Further International Case Studies Society (SEEDS) India. Th e target group of the inter- vention is the community members of the Mahewa ward. GEAG was initially funded by the Rockefeller Founda- tion under the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) with € 415,024 (US$ 479,150) for capacity building and facilitation exchange between the community and authorities. Additional resources were mobilised through government programmes, municipal services, community contribution and discretionary funds of elected representatives. PROCESS Th e intervention aims to promote the idea of micro resilience planning on a ward-level, highlighting the importance of integrated thinking when it comes to the issue of climate change. Using a tool called Shared Learning Dialogues, the Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG) conducted a needs-based assess- ment of the current situation and capacity building measures; further, it established contact with the au- thorities. Hereby, the project aims to facilitate gender RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The Ward-level Micro Resilience Planning is an adequate example of three different Fields of Action. First, it represents the Field of Action on Governance and Management. The case study illustrates how the Shared Learning Dialogues facilitated a joint and holistic effort and development of solutions. This included a transparent participatory approach which not only considered different sectors of the local municipality (with at times conflicting interests and priorities), but also the affected civil society’s perceptions and opinions through the needs-based approach. It also represents the Field of Action on Policies and Strategies as the learnings from the intervention have been transferred to different policies and strategies – from the city to the state level up to the national level. Lastly, this example shows aspects of the Field of Action on Capacity Development, because it enhanced the awareness and knowledge of communities, as well as relevant municipal and national government staff. Waterlogging in Gorakhpur city Source © Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group 211
Cleanliness campaign Source © Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group sensitive empowerment to start bottom-up, long-term campaigns for decentralised community-led govern- ance. The underlying objective is to integrate climate change resilience into participatory urban planning. The intervention also supports the full adoption of the 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, which aims at revitalising city governments so that they may func- tion as effective units of local government. GEAG selected the Mahewa ward, with a population of 6,174 (Census 2011) for the intervention. The deci- sion was based on a list of criteria due to Mahewa’s exposure to flooding, low developmental status, lack of services, previous abandonment and its mixed structure and peri-urban location. In the process, GEAG divided the ward into six neighborhoods ranging from 50 to 2050 inhabitants each. A first Shared Learning Dialogue was held in which, through different Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques such as historical timelines, the meaning and effects of climate change were demystified and the implications for the daily lives of people living in the ward were identified and discussed. This needs- based assessment identified six thematic priority areas needing interventions: 1 water, sanitation & hygiene 4 livelihoods 2 health 3 education 5 drainage and 6 agriculture In alignment, six thematic groups were also established consisting of local community members. Further Shared Learning Dialogues were held with the participation of various government service providers, which facilitated and improved the dialogue between community, local authorities and different government departments. Through this common platform, capacity on both sides was built and shared problems were examined in a holistic manner. Due to social pressure built up in the six thematic groups of the Shared Learning Dialogue, infrastruc- tural changes and maintenance in, for example, electric- ity supply or drainage systems were conducted by the relevant government authorities. Members of the com- munity supported these actions by providing their labour or construction material. The intervention was documented by local media, highlighting challenges as well as good examples of local governance and sustain- ing the momentum over a period of time. The municipal staff, part of some Shared Learning Dialogues, was also able to gain additional knowledge about the consequences of climate change in the peri- urban environment of Mahewa ward. 212
Drain construction Source © Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group Shared Learning Dialogue Source © Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group 213
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Before construction of drains Source © Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group After construction of drains Source © Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group OUTCOME Almost 6,000 people have benefited from new drains in the Mahewa Ward, which significantly reduced wa- terlogging as proven in the exceptionally rainy month of September 2012, with a precipitation of 423 mm. In addition, the case of ward-level micro resilience plan- ning has been presented in various forums to reach a wider audience, for example in the Asian Cities on Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) and the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA). This was intended to enhance knowledge about the meaning and local effects of climate change. In addition, empowered by enhanced knowledge and capacities, the local community started to take the lead in demanding improvements in drainage, electricity, roads, drinking water supply, peri-urban agriculture and sanitary facilities which were conducted by the local Table 04: Selected Resilience Indicators from Gorakhpur Indicator Days of flooding Number of flooded areas Households with piped water Households with >1 source of water Households using solid waste collection Plugged drains during monsoon 2010 30–60 5 331 397 0 15 2012 4–6 1 453 856 953 8 Frequency of drain cleaning 10–15 days 3–4 days Citizens involved in political action Visits to area by local politicians 50 0 130 4 Source © adapted from Tyler et al. 2014 214
government. Moreover, the community availed services to support local self-governance and to integrate climate change aspects into specific processes at the ward-level, for example climate-proofing infrastructure, housing, agricultural practices and promoting behavioural change regarding water and sanitation. The approach of ward-level micro resilience planning has been transferred to other cities in the Indian states of Assam, West Bengal and Bihar and a chapter on resilient cities has been incorporated in the Roadmap for 2030 in the State of Bihar. Furthermore, a city resilience strategy, ward resilience plan, drainage plan and peri-urban ecosystem manual have been developed as well as a peri-urban training manual which has been used in the trainings of the National Institute of Disas- ter Management. In the future, the Ward Level Committee must be for- mally empowered and a climate cell, which has already been approved by the municipal board and which will raise awareness on climate change, has to be provided with finances. TAKE-AWAYS • Given that needs and priorities differ greatly between different parts of the city, it is crucial to assess them on a small scale, such as the ward level. • Gender-specific needs must be considered, as this variable plays a role in vulnerability to climate hazards. • As urban development projects were in line with the local needs, citizens contributed with their labour and providing materials. • As the peri-urban communities are very diverse it is important to deal with problems that address all families in order to gain their participation. • Widespread political neglect and a consequent need to improve the understanding of the peri-urban space has been detected, especially the interdependencies between the peri-urban and rural ecosystems. • Secondary cities are especially vulnerable when it comes to climate change as they are mostly not cov- ered by initiatives promoting for example resilient or smart cities, have insufficient access to data and are less equipped with financial and staff resources. Further International Case Studies • Shared responsibilities on the side of the government can lead to mismanagement and poor governance. Lack of coordination between different government bodies and of cross-sectoral learning are exacerbating this problem. • As municipalities often struggle to facilitate partici- pation due to a lack of resources Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) fill that space and act as facilitators of participatory planning, which is key in sustainable resilient urban development. • Personal involvement and understanding of climate issues is crucial for political leaders as they have the authority to take crucial decisions on basic services and have the power to make the government machinery deliver. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Contact information within the Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG) Dr Shiraz Wajih Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group HIG First Phase 1/4, Siddharthpuram, Tara Mandal Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh-273017 Tel.: +91 551 2230004 Fax: +91 551 2230005 Email: geag@vsnl.com Sources Further information Document: Gorakphur Environmental Action Group (GEAG), Building Micro Resilience in Gorakhpur City, 2014 Online Article: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET), Developing Indicators of Urban Climate Resilience, 2014 215
Aerial view of Nouakchott Source © GIZ/en Haut! 216
Nouakchott Adaptation to Climate Change Induced Flooding in Nouakchott Location Nouakchott, Mauritania Background/Introduction of the city Nouakchott is the capital of Mauritania located on the Atlantic coast and at the edge of the Sahara Desert. The city lies a few meters above sea level. Severe climate impacts Flooding occurs due to heavy rainfall and seawater intrusion; last severe fl ood event in 2013 Desertifi cation Inhabitants 958,399 (2013) Responsible Body Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD), City of Nouakchott (CUN) Supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Project: Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities (ACCVC) Status Implemented Duration 2012–2017 217
Houses in Nouakchott Source © GIZ/Birte Derrix SUMMARY INFORMATION CONTEXT • Due to its geographic location and unplanned urbanisation Nouakchott suffers from flood hazards caused by occasional but heavy rainfall and seawater intrusion, a hazard that is being increased by sea level rise. • The Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities (ACCVC, in French: Adaptation au Changement Climatique des Villes Côtières) project aims at tack- ling these risks by strengthening the natural dune cordon that separates the city from the sea and by creating rainwater harvesting systems in flood prone neighbourhoods. • The project involves national, city and city district- level actors, civil society organisations as well as engineering experts from Mauritania and abroad to increase the local capacity to reduce risks and manage flood hazards. Nouakchott is located on a topographic depression in a low-lying coastal area. A dune cordon separates the urban area from the sea, however, it naturally shifts with sea currents and its mostly anthropogenic erosion has created several breaches entailing the risk of big waves intruding into the city. This flood threat is further exacerbated by climate change-induced sea level rise, which further erodes the protective dune cordon. More- over, the lack of awareness about the role of the dunes leads to misuse by many citizens who drive on them with cars contributing to the weakening of the dune cordon. Occasional heavy rains also contribute to flood risk as the water collects on the surface due to the sealed character of the local desert. These heavy rains are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. In addition, the population of the city has dramatically increased in the last decades from an esti- mated 20,000 inhabitants in 1969 to about a million nowadays. This has been accompanied by haphazard urban development, with new neighbourhoods being built in flood prone areas next to the dune cordon, and by a rising groundwater level. Moreover, the city’s poor economic situation has prevented the building of a sewerage system adapted to its needs. Due to the coast- 218
Flooded areas in Nouakchott Source © GIZ/en Haut! al erosion and heavy rains one third of the urban area is threatened by fl ooding and a 2013 study estimated that the port infrastructure and fi sh market would be- come unusable in ten years’ time if no action was taken. Th e Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities (ACCVC) project emerged as a response to these climate threats in Nouakchott involving international and local actors namely: the national Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD), the City of Nouakchott (CUN, in French: Communauté Urbaine de Nouakchott), the nine city districts that constitute Nouakchott and local and foreign consulting fi rms. Given that Nouakchott contains around one third of the country’s population, national government bodies play a remarkably important role. Th e target group of the intervention is the inhabitants of Nouakchott, who should benefi t from an environment more adapted to climate change, as well as local public institutions which should acquire improved capacities and tools to deal with these environmental threats. Th e project was implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Inter- nationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) that provided the fi nancing through its Special Energy and Climate Fund. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities The Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities The Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities The Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities (ACCVC) project mostly relates to the Field of Action on Measures: From Policy to Action. The project has carried out a strategy to protect the city from flooding due to seawater intrusion and heavy rainfall by implementing specific projects on the ground. The areas selected for implementation respond to the two flood threats in the city by strengthening the dune cordon and creating drainage systems in flood prone neighbourhoods. There has also been a component of the Field of Action on Capacity Development, as producing information, making technical approaches required for long-term urban planning and project implementation available to stakeholders, sharing knowledge between local and international experts, and providing training and awareness raising to scale up the interventions have been a key part of the project. 219
Figure 19: A Scenario for Rainwater Drainage According to an Area Study Located in the Fifth District, Existing sand road on big drainage area (French: voirie sable existante sur massif drainant) Big drainage area (French: massif drainant) Outlet to future network (French: refoulement vers futur réseau) 220
rea Study Located in the Fifth District, Nouakchott LEGEND Rainwater collection grid (French: grille collecte eau pluviale) Lost well (French: regard pour pompage ou puit perdu) Discharge post (French: poste de refoulement) Big draining area (French: massif drainant) Pierced concrete basin (French: bassin béton percé) Concrete guttering project (French: caniveau béton projet) Drainage trench (French: tranchée drainante) Source © Adapted and translated from GIZ/en Haut! 221
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change PROCESS After the recurring flooding events due to increasingly heavy rainfalls in the city almost every year, such as the floods of September 2009, it was clear that action should be taken to tackle the ever-increasing climate hazard. The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Develop- ment (MEDD) and GIZ started collaborating in the frame of the project Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities (ACCVC) with the aim of stabilising the dune cordon and improving rainwater harvesting in the urban areas to increase the city’s resilience to flooding. The activities began with consolidating existing knowl- edge. An information system was developed in 2012 to give all participating national and local actors access to the data they needed to make sound decisions. Among these activities was the support of the National Meteorological Office by providing training on data management and the advisory support given to the head of the MEDD Directorate of Protected Areas and Sea- shore and its team. In parallel, the first 55 hectares of the dune cordon were treated by planting indigenous bushes in collaboration with three Mauritanian Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs). In 2013 the MEDD created a Shoreline Guard Team. The role of this team is to ensure preservation of the dune cordon by continuing the planting and raising the people’s aware- ness about the importance of protecting the dunes. Also, a technical-environmental study was carried out by local consultants and the Technical University of Hamburg- Harburg in Germany to evaluate the damage to the dune cordon and to define appropriate techniques for sealing the breaches. As a result, 18 breaches were identified. In 2014 two of the most dangerous breaches were sealed under supervision of MEDD and of GIZ respectively. In 2015 MEDD supervised the sealing of an additional breach in the dune cordon and blocked access to the most vulnerable parts of the dunes, while building a pedestrian access road in order to delimit where people could walk to the beach. In addition, the City of Nouakchott (CUN) and MEDD supported by GIZ started a process of measur- ing urban vulnerability to climate change for all of the nine city districts constituting Nouakchott. This was done through participatory activities in the frame of the city’s nine District Consultation Committees (CCC, in French: Comité de Concertation Communale) formed by representatives of civil society and the district council. 222
Further International Case Studies Flooded areas in Nouakchott Source © GIZ/en Haut! 223
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Figure 20: Street Drainage by Pierced (Perforated) Concrete Gutter Channels Pierced (perforated) concrete gutter channel Septic tank Source © Adapted and translated from GIZ/en Haut! Figure 21: Storage of Rainwater in Perforated Concrete Basins Buffer for pumping (French: tampon regard pompage) Packed sand layer Rainwater storage in perforated concrete basins Perforated concrete basin Public benches Source © Adapted and translated from GIZ/en Haut! Participatory diagnosis Source © GIZ/en Haut! 224 Local and foreign consultants coordinated the urban vulnerability analyses and the prioritisation of climate change adaptation measures. With the vulnerability data in hand, project outlines were carried out by local con- sulting firms with the support of international experts to identify technical solutions for urban flood prevention measures in specific areas. Afterwards, one of the project outlines was further developed into a model project to build new gutters and underground perforated concrete basins to harvest and drain rainwater in a poor neigh- bourhood of the district of Sebkha. It was built in coop- eration with MEDD and CUN and has been opera- tional since the start of the rainy season in July 2015. In 2016 elected officials and CCC members were trained on maintenance of the rainwater harvesting system. In order to anchor the successes within long-term sustain- able planning and, above all, to scale up urgently needed pilot interventions, the project developed recommen- dations on how to integrate them into the National Coastal Development Plan (PDALM, in French: Plan directeur d’amenagement du littoral Mauritanien), which was under revision with World Bank support, into the guideline for Nouakchott’s district development plans, and into the national decree for environmental impact assessments. Another milestone was the participatory development of a framework plan with support of the French association Les Ateliers de Cergy (International workshops of planning and urban design). CUN and the National Ministry of Housing, Urban Development and Land Use Planning (MHUAT, in French: Ministère de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanisme et de l’Amenagement du Territoire) worked out key guidance for the development of Nouakchott. They then fed this into the development of a new master plan for Nouakchott (SDAU, in French: Schéma Directeur d’Amé-nagement et d’Urbanisme), which was developed with support by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency. OUTCOME As a result of the Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Cities (ACCVC) project, Nouakchott is today a more climate change resilient city. Seven kilometres of the dune cordon have been strengthened through mechan- ical stabilisation and planting of indigenous bushes and plants. In addition, three kilometres of endangered dunes are better protected thanks to closing them for
visitors and creating controlled pedestrian access. The shoreline guards monitor the sustainability of these measures as part of their daily functions. Also, three breaches have been sealed to prevent seawater intrusion in the event of severe storms, exceptional tides and ris- ing sea levels due to global warming. As a result, three coastal districts are better protected against flood hazards. Besides, two systems for collecting rainwater in one of the most affected and poorest parts of the district of Sebkha have been constructed. Thanks to this interven- tion, 500 households, 100 small businesses, four schools and two health centres are better protected against floods during the rainy season. Lastly, the relevant actors within the Ministry of Envi- ronment and Sustainable Development (MEDD) and the City of Nouakchott (CUN) have acquired knowl- edge and technical, administrative and financial skills in planning and implementing dune sealing measures, as well as in flood prevention and management. The ACCVC project ended in 2016, nevertheless the efforts to combat climate change hazards continue, which in the case of Nouakchott are intrinsically linked to human development. Concretely, a Chinese- Mauritanian cooperation project to build a sewerage system for the main arteries in the city has begun in recent years. The World Bank is considering investments in coastal protection measures based on the revised National Coastal Development Plan. Sources Further information Document: GIZ, Flood Risk Management – an increasing challenge in international cooperation, 2014 Video: GIZ, Changement Climatique en Mauritanie: Les Villes Côtières s’adaptent (in English: Climate Change in Mauritania: Coastal Cities adapt), 2016 Document: GIZ/en Haut!, Projet Adaptation au Changement Climatique des Villes Côtières (ACCVC) (in English: Climate Change Adaptation Project Coastal Cities), 2015 Further International Case Studies TAKE-AWAYS • It has been possible to generate a high level of loy- alty and support from the main political partner, the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Develop- ment (MEDD). However, this strong ownership weakened the crucial inter-institutional coordina- tion, as partners were not sufficiently inclined to share the laurels for successful measures. • Giving responsibility for projects of this kind to spe- cific staff units within the office of the prime minis- ter or the Ministry of Finance, which is responsible for budget distribution, may improve inter-sectoral coordination. • The conceptual approach of the project has proved to be successful: - The sensitivity of national, city and civil society actors to the need to increase climate change re- silience has been strengthened, followed by en- hancing capacities via consulting, training, study tours and exchange opportunities. - Accompanying relevant data, information and knowledge were provided. - Model measures were scrupulously prepared with scientific support and eventually planned and implemented together with national and local stakeholders. - Project partners were enabled to use their acquired capacities by shaping and applying strategic and legislative documents, by using the information system to generate, store and disseminate knowl- edge, as well as by large-scale replication of the model-like solutions. • There were technical challenges and difficulties in creating affordable techniques for drainage below sea level and for drainage in soils with a high ground water table. • To avoid duplication of activities the participatory involvement of civil society was important as was coordination with different organisations, such as the World Bank and the Japan International Coopera- tion Agency. • Working more closely with financial institutions, such as development banks, would have been useful for securing financial support to implement projects. 225
Recife Municipal Climate Change Agenda Location Recife, Brazil Background/Introduction of the city Recife is the capital of the state of Pernambuco and one of Brazil’s largest cities. The city has a tropical monsoon climate. The city is at an altitude of 8 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Flooding (fl oods and landslides due to torrential rainfall almost yearly during the wet season; in the longer-term due to sea level rise). Water scarcity (yearly droughts in the dry season and over-exploitation of groundwater sources). Inhabitants 1,633,697 Responsible Body Secretariat for Sustainable Development and Environment (SDSMA), City of Recife Status Under implementation Duration Since 2013 with permanent nature (current greenhouse gas (GHG) Reduction Plan until 2040) 226
View over Recife Source © Wesley D’Almeida, PCR 227
Solar panels in the Botanical Garden Source © Andrea Rego Barros, PCR SUMMARY INFORMATION • During the last few years, Recife has taken big steps towards the identification and mitigation of climate change effects locally. • The city has created several policy instruments, such as the greenhouse gas (GHG) Reduction Plan and the Sustainability and Coping with Climate Change Policy. • Recife’s climate policy brings a new way of thinking about the city for the future and its actions seek to establish the city as the leader in the northeast region of Brazil on climate change mitigation and adap- tation. CONTEXT According to the Brazilian Panel on Climate Change, Recife is the 16th most vulnerable city to the effects of climate change globally, among other reasons, due to its geographic location by the sea. Its low-lying terrain exposes it to sea water intrusion due to sea-level rise. The forecasts of increasing temperatures and intensifica- tion of droughts and heavy rainfall events are alarming. Given these circumstances, the municipal government realised that the creation of a climate change agenda was crucial to ensure the good functioning and management of the city, especially in the future. The development of the Climate Change Agenda, particularly the green- house gas (GHG) Reduction Plan, included many local institutions related to environmental and climate issues. These included the Secretariat for the Environment and Sustainability and the secretariats of Mobility and Urban Control, of Infrastructure and Housing, of Sanitation, of Planning, as well as Recife’s Planning Institute, state-level governmental institutions and pro- fessional associations, energy and hydroelectric compa- nies, universities and civil society organisations. Recife’s Climate Change Agenda targets both the entire city population, prioritising the most vulnerable sectors of society, and the municipal staff itself to improve their approach to environmental issues. 228
COMPAZ community garden Source © Luciano Ferreira, PCR Regarding fi nancing, some of the GHG Reduction Plan’s actions are covered by the municipality’s budget, while other activities are funded by the federal budget or international development organisations, such as the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF), Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). PROCESS Recife’s climate change agenda aims to establish a new sustainable and climate-friendly urban development paradigm. More specifi cally, the objectives of the city’s climate policy are: 1 Promoting the three pillars of sustainability, social inclusion and economic and productive effi ciency in harmony with the protection and recovery of environmental resources. 2 Preventing the increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels, minimising the anthropogenic im- RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION Recife’s Climate Change Agenda represents the crea- tion of an extensive legal framework for engaging with climate change in the city and illustrates the Field of Action on Policies and Strategies. The main product of the new local climate governance, the greenhouse gas (GHG) Reduction Plan, has been designed and is implemented involving all relevant municipal bodies, state-level institutions and govern- ment, civil society and academia, in order to develop a joint vision on how to build climate-proof urban development in Recife also illustrating the fi rst Field of Action on Governance and Management. pacts on the climate system and compensating the damages generated. 3 Increasing the coordination of federal, local and civil society institutions to strengthen climate resil- ience in the institutional, social, environmental and 229
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change infrastructure dimensions, prioritising the most vulnerable communities. 4 Stimulating technological innovation in the field of low-carbon urban development. The initial concerns about the city’s climate issues emerged in 2012, for various reasons including the preparations of Recife to be a host city of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. In 2013, due to the presence of the theme in the govern- ment plan for the city, the Secretariat for the Environ- ment and Sustainability was created to deal with envi- ronmental issues and the effects of climate change in an independent and more articulated way. In the same year, Recife joined the Urban Low Emission Development Strategies (Urban-LEDS) project of Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) as one of its model cities, receiving technical support for the implementation of a low emissions urban development strategy, as well as establishing by decree the Executive Group on Sustain- ability and Climate Change (GECLIMA, in Portuguese: Grupo Executivo de Sustentabilidade e Mudanças Climáticas) and the Committee on Sustainability and Climate Change (COMCLIMA, in Portuguese: Com- itê de Sustentabilidade e Mudanças Climáticas). Both platforms aim at sharing information and discussions about the formulation and development of policies to reduce the impacts of climate change and enhance sustainability. While GECLIMA focuses on the city government’s internal discussion and planning, COM- CLIMA is dedicated to the discussions with civil society and academia. In 2014, the city instituted the Law on Sustainability and Coping with Climate Change, formulated by the Secretariat for the Environment and Sustainability, and produced the city’s first GHG emission inventory (base year 2012). Thereby, Recife became the first city in the world to have an inventory of GHG emissions produced according to the World Resources Institute’s (WRI’s) Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG Emission Inventories. The publication of the law and the inven- tory gave new momentum for the creation of the city’s GHG Reduction Plan. During its development process, the plan was contemplated, along with sectoral plans and actions of the various public institutions with an impact on the city’s GHG emissions, as well as the demands of the participants of the GECLIMA and COMCLIMA meetings. This context and interaction 230 Planting on public roads Source © Wesley D’Almeida, PCR
Further International Case Studies guided the definition of objectives and guidelines in four priority sectors: 1 transportation and urban mobility 2 waste and sanitation 3 energy 4 urban development and resilience The Secretariat for the Environment and Sustainability takes part in the city council’s debates about climate policy to foster the effective implementation of the GHG Reduction Plan’s measures and promotes the im- portance of complying with them to all secretariats. Since 2017, the Secretariat for the Environment and Sustainability has been incorporated into a new and broader municipal body, the Secretariat for Sustainable Development and Environment (SDSMA, in Portu- guese: Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade), which also includes entrepreneurship and economic development issues. The SDSMA is responsible for pro- ducing reports, monitoring the GHG Reduction Plan, holding the COMCLIMA and GECLIMA meetings, assisting in drafting city planning laws and decrees and elaborating the GHG inventories. It also develops projects like a programme to promote sustainable prac- tices among municipal staff in both their work and pri- vate spheres and it has published the city’s carbon foot- print for the 2012–2015 period and the water footprint for 2015. Along with the climate change sector, the environmental body of the SDSMA also manages the urban afforestation programme and the environmental education programme. OUTCOME The main result of the city’s new climate policy is the greenhouse gas (GHG) Reduction Plan, which serves as a guide to the city’s sustainable and low-carbon development. Despite the plan not being binding, its influence can be seen in strategic objectives and guide- lines to be carried out by a broad range of secretariats under the different line departments. Moreover, the plan has already brought tangible benefits, as the 2012–2016 GHG inventory shows an annual average emissions stagnation, in contrast to the projected emissions in- crease in a business-as-usual scenario. Regarding moni- toring, the secretariats report to the Secretariat for Sus- tainable Development and Environment (SDSMA) on Baobá Garden Source © Inaldo Menezes, PCR 231
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Recife city view Source © Antunes Vila Nova Neto, unsplash 232
Further International Case Studies the implementation of their actions during the regular Executive Group on Sustainability and Climate Change (GECLIMA) meetings of the municipality. The city has achieved a specific governmental sector dedicated to managing climate change-related projects and provides technical expertise to city officials and staff. In addition, climate issues have broadly been included in the recent review of the city’s master plan for the next 10 years. Also, the city’s climate policy has raised aware- ness on environmental problems among the municipal planning bodies and, today, the main projects that are searching for implementation resources are on environ- mental issues. Currently, the climate change sector of the SDSMA is working on various projects: the produc- tion of the 2017 GHG inventory, the publication of a decree for energy efficiency and rational use of water in new municipal buildings, an environmental certification seal for the construction sector, the execution of cycleway projects and the environmental recovery of the Capibar- ibe River watershed. This last project seeks to afforest the river banks and promote the required infrastructure for sustainable transport. The SDSMA is also engaging with the second phase of the Urban Low Emission Develop- ment Strategies (Urban-LEDS) project of the Local Gov- ernments for Sustainability (ICLEI) and is starting to work on the city’s Climate Change Adaptation Plan. In the next years, an update of the GHG Reduction Plan is foreseen as some actions are already becoming obsolete. TAKE-AWAYS • The political will to increase the relevance of climate issues was critical for overcoming the initial lack of structure and experience on the topic within the mu- nicipality. Having dedicated sections on climate change in government plans was decisive for estab- lishing well-defined programmes and targets. • The process of developing the city’s climate change policy has also raised the level of awareness on cli- mate issues at the institutional and community levels. However, more efforts should be made to raise aware- ness among citizens. • The good cooperation among municipal authorities contributing to the city’s climate policy makes it pos- sible for climate issues to be easily inserted into city planning. • It is crucial to secure the participation of the widest possible range of municipal authorities in the process of creating a sustainability policy and a low carbon plan. • It would be useful to increase Recife’s participation in regional, national and global forums on climate change and learn more about successful experiences in other cities. Sources CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Further information (partly in Portuguese) Website: Secretaria de Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade Document: World Resources Institute, Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories, 2014 Mauricio Guerra Executive Secretary Environment Secretariat for Sustainable Development and the Environment (SDSMA) Executive Secretariat for the Environment City of Recife Tel.: +55 81 33555804 Email: mauricio.guerra@recife.pe.gov.br Hugo Alves Mariz de Moraes Head of Sector of Low carbon and sustainability Secretariat for Sustainable Development and the Environment (SDSMA) Executive Secretariat for the Environment City of Recife Tel.: +55 81 33555804 Email: hugo.moraes@recife.pe.gov.br 233
Rio de Janeiro Rio Operations Centre – A Response to Extreme Climate Hazards and Other Complex Operations in an Urban Setting Location Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Background/Introduction of the city Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city of Brazil and is located on the Atlantic coast. The city experiences hot, humid summers and mild, wet winters. The city centre is at an altitude of 5 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Flooding (caused by heavy rain events between December and March, mostly in lower case – low-lying areas) Landslides (linked to heavy rainfall events, particularly in neighbourhoods located on steep slopes) Inhabitants 6,688,930 Responsible Body Rio de Janeiro City Government Status In operation Duration Running since December 2010 with permanent nature 234
Aerial view of monumental Jesus Christ statue and the City of Rio de Janeiro Source © Pedro Kirilos, Riotur 235
Operations center Source © Rio de Janeiro Operations Center (COR) SUMMARY INFORMATION CONTEXT • The Rio Operations Centre (COR, in Portuguese: Centro de Operações Rio) is the main hub coordinat- ing the city’s protocols to keep the city functioning in case of emergencies, big events (like the Rio 2016 Olympic Games) or daily operational problems. For example, in case of climate hazards such as heavy rains, landslides or serious traffic accidents, COR coordinates the municipal departments and engages with other public and private actors to act on the ground and preserve lives. • For 24 hours every day, the operation of the city is monitored by COR’s team with the aim of antici- pating problems and minimising the impact on citizens. • Among existing operation centres in Brazilian cities, the COR is unique in that it works as a center for multi-stakeholder operations covering many themes of urban management and it incorporates local me- dia in its premises to allow immediate transmission of important information to the citizens. As one of the biggest cities in the Americas, Rio is a busy city with high traffic congestion and emergencies of all kinds happening constantly. In addition, the city suffers climate hazards in the form of heavy rainfall every year, sometimes leading to flooding and landslide disasters due to the steep topography. These crises cause human casualties, damages in housing and infrastructure and significant disruption of the city’s functioning. Before 2010, the city did not have a centralised public institu- tion to respond to simultaneous problems affecting mobility, water and energy supply or waste collection caused by these crises. On the contrary, the response in each field was dealt with by the responsible agency in an uncoordinated way, often leading to an inefficient overall response. Against this backdrop, the city established the Rio Operations Centre (COR) including around 30 municipal agencies and public service concessionaires in charge of responding to natural disasters and resulting crises. These agencies include: the water, gas and energy providers, the Transport Secretariat and transport com- panies (bus, train, subway and light rail transit (LRT)), the Environment Secretariat, the Conservation Team, 236
Aerial view of one of Rio de Janeiro’s beach sides Source © Ricardo Zerrenner, Riotur the Municipal Guard, municipal and state-level civil defence departments, the waste collection company, the Fire Department and the local Meteorological Service. Th e main target group of COR is Rio’s citizens, who should benefi t from an optimised crisis response and see the city’s urban resilience strengthened. COR’s monthly budget ranges between € 230,000– 320,000 (BRL 1–1.4 million) which is fi nanced by the municipal budget. In addition, the construction and equipping of COR’s premises in 2010 was fi nanced at RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The case of the Rio Operations Centre (COR) is an example of the Field on Action on Capacity Develop- ment, as it embodies a platform to share real-time information on climate risks, among other issues. In this way, it enhances the capacity of municipal agen- cies and public service providers, as well as citizens to respond to climate hazards. Moreover, it relates to the Field of Action on Governance and Management as the COR provides a platform for coordination between different municipal departments as well as other public and private actors. around 60% by several technology and local civil con- struction companies. PROCESS Th e Rio Operations Centre (COR) was created to pro- vide a coordinated response to crises, triggered by the inadequate crisis response during the heavy rainfall events of April 2010, which left a toll of human casual- ties and housing destruction mainly due to landslides. Th e lack of a pre-existing structure and the diffi culties of engaging with the press prevented the authorities from adequately communicating the situation to citi- zens and led to improvised decisions. As a fi rst step to establish COR, the Mayor created a working group with technical experts from diff erent departments with responsibilities related to crisis response. From the outset, the working group identifi ed the need to add two other working areas: the city op- erational routine (to respond to accidents, failures in public transport operation, protests that are particu- larly disruptive, irregular occupation of parks and other public space, and so on); and the coordination of operational plans for big upcoming events (including 237
238
Small harbour on Rio de Janeiro’s coastline Source © Alexandre Macieira, Riotur 239
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change People cycling on rental bicycles in Rio de Janeiro Source © Alexandre Macieira, Riotur the 2014 World Cup or the 2016 Olympic Games), as they may also put the normal functioning of the city at stake. During the creation phase, the working group defined the following aspects: • Mapping the city’s challenges that cause emergencies and designing operational plans to overcome them. This started with the planning for the 2011 New Year’s Eve, which gathers more than a million people on the beaches of Copacabana. • Integration of data from the collaborating municipal agencies and subsequently also from public service companies, as well as state-level security forces. • Operational integration, hence making the working culture of the different agencies compatible, thereby shifting from working independently to working cooperatively. • Creating a communication plan: allocation of roles to each agency and appointing contact persons; creation of software by the municipal information technology (IT) service for integrating information on relevant actions of the agencies (the software is continuously updated). For carrying out its monitoring functions, the COR started to monitor around 1,200 cameras and data from sensors that can be observed on a big screen in its con- trol room. For example, the ‘Alerta Rio’ meteorological team provides weather forecasts four times a day and can monitor the intensity of rain events in real time, using data from 135 precipitation sensors distributed across the city. When heavy rainfall is predicted, the most common natural hazard in Rio, COR will activate the respective operational plan and communicate the necessary information to all the relevant municipal agencies and potentially impacted actors. After that, these agencies and actors will command their own op- erational teams (for example, firefighter brigades, pub- lic security forces or public transport drivers) to imple- ment the foreseen actions on the ground. In addition, the COR also hosts local media in its premises, so they can immediately broadcast critical information to the citizens. Other functions of COR include monitoring air pollu- tion-levels, the water quality of urban lakes and pro- grammed city interventions, which is then distributed by three daily bulletins to the press and social media. Also, COR has built partnerships with companies to 240
enhance its pool of sensors, such as the mobility app Waze, popular among car drivers in Rio. Thanks to this, COR can monitor any incidents reported by the app users, which automatically appear on its situational map, where real-time traffic data is centralised. COR is administratively under the supervision of the Executive Office, headed by the Mayor. Although in the past it has been under the City Conservation Depart- ment and Public Security Department. Nevertheless, the daily functions are carried out horizontally in inter- dependence with all the integrated agencies. COR also engages civil society for its work, mainly by distributing and collecting relevant information through social me- dia, where it has more than 1,000,000 followers. In addition, COR is integrated into the City Hall call cen- tre, which offers an app-based service through which citizens can report problems happening in the city. OUTCOME After almost eight years in operation, the Rio Opera- tions Centre (COR) has successfully become the city’s hub to coordinate the response to crises in an optimised way and keep the city’s daily functions running effi- ciently. It has built a network of data sources and soft- ware to analyse 150 layers of georeferenced information. It has 70 core staff and, including the collaborating agencies, there are around 500 persons working in its premises. A particularly remarkable achievement during its history was ensuring the smooth celebration of the 2016 Olympic Games by bringing the city’s public ser- vice operations to a very high standard. COR is currently in the initial phase of developing a self-monitoring system to evaluate its own performance. For doing so, COR is working on studies about Key Performance Indicators in collaboration with City Hall partners and the Technical University of Berlin. Addi- tionally, COR aims at moving beyond resilience build- ing functions by improving its innovation programme together with researchers, start-ups and public agencies in order to test and implement smart city solutions in all COR’s working areas. Also, COR plans to turn its headquarters into a green building, producing solar energy and reusing water. Further International Case Studies TAKE-AWAYS • During the creation phase, the integration of data from the collaborating agencies was a very challeng- ing task (because almost all agencies did not have an organisational culture of data sharing to enhance city operations). • It was not possible to instantly change the working culture of the agencies integrated into the Rio Operations Centre (COR), since they had strong and different traditions. Instead, COR incorporated them respecting their working procedures and after- wards slowly harmonised them. • Future self-monitoring will not only be important to assure an optimised service, but also for COR to become eligible for funds from international organ- isations. • Thanks to the involvement of local press and the use of social media, COR is recognised by most citizens as a critical municipal institution for tackling crises. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Pedro Reis Martins Planning Coordinator Rio de Janeiro Operations Centre (COR) Tel.: 55 21 2976-4541 General Tel.: 55 21 2976-4500 Email: chefia@centrodeoperacoesrio.com.br; pedro.martins@centrodeoperacoesrio.com.br Sources Further information Document: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), International Case Studies of Smart Cities Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2016 241
View of Seoul City Source © Amina Schild 242
Seoul Urban Adaptation: Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration and Downtown Revitalisation Location Seoul, Republic of Korea Background/Introduction of the city Seoul is the capital of Republic of Korea. It is Korea’s biggest city and its most vibrant industrial and economic agglomeration. The city is at an altitude of 38 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Increase in precipitation and heavy rain falls. Temperature increase. Inhabitants 9,814,049 (Metropolitan Area: 25,600,000) Responsible Body Seoul Metropolitan Government Status Completed Duration Planning (2002–2003) and implementation phase (2003–2005) 243
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Elevated highway covering the Cheonggyecheon river in Seoul in late 1960s Source © Seoul Metropolitan Government Construction of Cheonggyecheon stream highway in slum area in 1967 Source © Seoul Metropolitan Government SUMMARY INFORMATION • Th e restoration of the Cheonggyecheon stream aimed to restore the historical, cultural, and environ- mental value of the stream and its surrounding area by creating a human-oriented landscape in the city. • Th e project is an example of the shift from a car- oriented approach to a more sustainable and envi- ronmentally-friendly paradigm. Overall, it pushed forward the revitalisation of the Seoul downtown area. • In terms of climate-proofi ng the city, there are signifi cant climate change adaptation aspects, such as fl ood prevention and a decrease of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs). CONTEXT Th e Cheonggyecheon area is an international business district with a great amount of economic activities and motorised traffi c. Already in the 1950s it became clear that a lack of inner-city roads would prove problematic to accommodate the growing number of cars in Seoul. Eventually this led to high congestion in the downtown area. As a result, building roads around and above the 10.92 km long Cheonggyecheon river stream was seen as a possibility to provide space for the increasing traffi c. Th is led to the construction of an elevated express high- way covering the stream in the 1960s. Th e highway hid what was, at the time, a highly polluted river from sight. By the end of the 1970s, the stream was completely covered by a 5.5 km-long overpass. However, since the 1990s the structure of the highway had been deteriorat- ing, causing serious infrastructure safety risks. Th e enor- mous costs of continuing maintenance as well as for a required renovation of the 30-year-old highway trig- gered discussions about the justifi cation, necessity and signifi cance of restoring the stream. Eventually, this RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The case of Cheonggyecheon restoration is mostly The case of Cheonggyecheon restoration is mostly related to the Field of Action on Governance and Man- agement and the Field of Action on Measures: from Policy to Action. Backed by strong political leadership the project ensured a joint implementation process driven by political actors (mayor and municipality), citizens (citizens committee) and science (research centre). Important achievements in this context are the successful collaboration, cross- sectoral coordina- tion and involvement of a variety of actors. The imple- mentation process was accompanied by a communica- tion campaign on city- and district-wide levels and was supported by a monitoring system. 244
Further International Case Studies Restored Cheonggyecheon river Source © Ken Eckert 245
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change 246 People enjoying the Cheonggyecheon stream Source © Amina Schild
Further International Case Studies resulted in the decision to divert the funds originally planned for maintenance work into the restoration of the stream. With a cost of approximately US$384 mil- lion, the project was one of the most expensive restora- tion projects undertaken in the world at that time. Nonetheless, it is seen to have been highly cost effective compared to the repair and reconstruction costs of the elevated highway. PROCESS The restoration became a key topic during the 2002 mayoral election campaign in a way that shifted the direction of the political debate from the reconstruction of the elevated highway to the restoration of the stream. A strong local power basis and the visionary goal of then mayor, Lee Myung-bak, to create a city for people rath- er than cars was the key to transformation. Based on the restoration master plan from June 2003 the project was carried out between July 2003 and October 2005. It was completed in an efficient manner within the budget. To ensure the feasibility of the project, the local govern- ment decided that restoration work would solely cover public land, financed by public investment (public- driven restoration). The effects of the restoration could help the revitalisation of downtown and neighbouring areas, which was then conducted by the private sector (private-driven urban revitalisation). Several stakeholders were involved in the project. The local government was the major responsible agency, assuming the entire fiscal and personnel responsibility. The project followed a triangular approach involving a project office (municipal government), a citizens com- mittee and a research centre. The project office was established in July 2002. Its task was to manage, plan and implement the project via action plans, execution and collaboration with authorities and local district offices. Besides that, it contributed to resolving potential conflicts. The Seoul Institute, a research centre of Seoul Metropolitan Government, was a hub of providing expertise, conducting feasibility studies and investigat- ing issues related to the restoration (transportation, land use, urban planning, environment, culture). The citizens committee was established in September 2002. Its aim was to gather citizens’ opinions, build consensus and raise public awareness. After completion of the project, 247
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change the overall management and maintenance is carried out by the Cheonggyecheon Stream Management Office. The project consisted of various important steps: feasi- bility tests and development of a plan; expert advice and public opinion for open discussion on the restoration; basic and detailed designs for the restoration; removal of the Cheonggyecheon road and overpass; the restora- tion itself; and revitalisation of the surrounding area. The first part of the removal process focused on uncov- ering the stream in July 2003. Major structures were demolished by October 2003. During the demolition, the more specific design for the sewer, road and bridge construction works was developed. These works were accomplished by September 2004. Subsequently, the landscaping and restoration of the area took place until May 2005. In that regard, the restoration programme had to consider diverse structural aspects (transporta- tion, flood prevention), goals and interests (balance between historic values and new land use aspirations, eco-friendliness, design of the stream) and practical considerations (limited budget, short construction period, phased approach). Specific concerns in the plan- ning stage emerged with regard to transportation and vendors. The latter were worried about traffic congestion and negative effects on their business during construc- tion works. The local government held 4,200 meetings to brief them and gather opinions. Local government then gave assurances that the construction work would be completed in a short period of time to minimise disturbance caused by restoration work, and that it would establish parking lots, and provide financial and administrative support for businesses wanting to move. Besides this issue, many experts and civic groups were concerned that demolishing the highway would gener- ate serious traffic inconveniences and precipitate conges- tion in the inner city. Seoul underwent a city-wide transportation reform at the same time which included increasing parking fees and improving the public trans- port system. OUTCOME The main objectives of the restoration project were related to sustainability and liveability. First, an eco- friendly natural environment was created, citizens’ qual- ity of life enhanced and the city of Seoul transformed into an environmentally-friendly city with natural waterways. This is directly related to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Second, the restoration of historical remains was imperative in justifying the pro- ject, ensuring citizens’ support and facilitating an in- tended cultural revival. Third, an increase of the eco- nomic vitality of the downtown area and particularly a reinforcement of the tie between the restoration of historical heritage and the expansion of commercial zones was aimed for. The objective was to revitalise the city, develop deteriorating areas and enhance overall growth. Furthermore, it was necessary to maintain transportation access, the stream’s role in dealing with sewage, and its capacity to deal with floods for increased resilience towards climate change. The Seoul Metropolitan Facilities Management Corpo- ration was responsible for monitoring the project. The indicators analysed were change in land use, real estate and transportation as well as how environmental and ecological patterns were affected. The implementation of the project resulted in several changes that could be measured: the removal of the elevated highway created a wind corridor. This led to a decrease in air pollution which contributed positively to mitigating climate change and decreasing the heat island effect by dropping the temperature 1.3 °C – 3.6 °C depending on the loca- tion within the city. Water and air quality improved as did the population of animal species like fish, insects and birds. Besides that, the public space has improved and become a high-quality public space for citizens and tourists, attracting an average of 64,000 visitors daily. Moreover, the transportation system changed quickly to a public transit-oriented one, leading to a 19%- decrease in vehicle numbers, a 15%-increase in bus pas- sengers and a 14%-increase in the subway ridership in the city centre. In the light of climate change these measures contributed to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions caused by motorised transport. Further- more, the restoration led to increased economic activi- ties and enhanced the attractiveness of the inner city. The project is an urban renewal ‘flagship’ project. It not only physically transformed the inner city but also triggered a mind-shift of the citizens. Inspired by this successful example they became more willing to accept the costs of eco-friendly sustainable changes. Further- more, the restoration contributed to a change in the urban policy paradigm shifting from physical develop- ment and vehicle orientation to a people, environment 248
Further International Case Studies CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Shin, Min Kyung Policy specialist Global Urban Partnership Division Seoul Metropolitan Government Tel.: +82-2-2133-5264 Email: manegi922@seoul.go.kr Myounggu Kang Professor of Urban and Regional Planning Director of Smart City Research Center University of Seoul Tel: +82-2-6490-2799 Email: mk@uos.ac.kr Sources Further information Document: SWITCH – Managing Water for the City of the Future, Case study brief – The restoration of the river Cheonggyecheon, Seoul Online article: Seoul Solution, Seoul Urban Regeneration: Cheonggyecheon Restoration and Downtown Revitalization, 2014 and public transit focus. It influenced the national environmental policy and led to efforts to work on similar projects. Showcasing the restoration contributed globally to the image of Seoul as a global city that cherishes environmental, traditional, cultural and economic values. TAKE-AWAYS The Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration provides several lessons learned: • Leadership facilitated the renewal; this was achieved by presenting a clear vision, leading an effective organisation of public officials, preventing and resolving potential issues through discussions, and focusing on efficient work at the site. • Appropriate cooperation and project management facilitated the coordination between the different sectors of work (water, civil engineering, urban plan- ning, economics and social affairs). Weekly meetings were significant for decision-making and conflict resolution. • A close partnership with citizens and the triangular implementation system worked effectively and ena- bled collaborative planning and the resolution of conflicts. In particular, the discussions with the resi- dents ensured participation and justification for the project. • The project is an example of a ‘crisis as opportunity’ model. If the highway had been in good condition the argument for demolishing it would have been more difficult, if not impossible, to make. 249
Inner city Florida Park Source © CEA, City of Vitoria-Gasteiz 250
VITORIA-GASTEIZ Green Belt and Green Infrastructure Strategy Location Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain Background/Introduction of the city Vitoria-Gasteiz is the capital of the Basque Country region. The city is located on a high plateau surrounded by moun- tain ranges that limit oceanic and Mediterranean climatic infl uences, resulting in a microclimate with cold and wet winters and cool summers. The city is at an altitude of 547 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Flooding events (especially in riverine areas in periods of high precipitation or melting snow) Strong wind (occasional cyclones can produce winds of up to 140 km/h) Inhabitants 250,051 (status 2018) Responsible Body Environmental Studies Centre (CEA, in Spanish: Centro de Estudios Ambientales), City of Vitoria-Gasteiz Status In operation and under development Duration Since 1993 with permanent nature 251
Map 08: Map of the Green Belt with the Current Status of Development Return to the Green Belt Return to the Green Belt Planned Section Source © Adapted and translated Centro de Estudios Ambientales (Environmental Studies Centre) SUMMARY INFORMATION CONTEXT • The Green Belt is the result of an ambitious environ- mental, territorial and urban development project initiated in the early 1990s with the objective of restoring and recovering the outlying areas of Vitoria- Gasteiz. • The Green Belt is a collection of ecologically recov- ered peri-urban parks of high environmental and landscape value, strategically linked by means of eco- recreational corridors. • The recovery project is also a local contribution to tackling climate change by significantly increasing the amount of vegetation cover to capture more car- bon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The latest commit- ments to further develop the Green Belt include increasing ground permeability and planting 250,000 trees and bushes. In the 1980s there were areas of high ecological value on the edges of Vitoria-Gasteiz that have been affected by erosion, fires and high urban pressure due to urban and industrial expansion. Gravel pits, uncontrolled landfills and other degraded spaces threatened the sur- vival of the remaining natural areas. Also, the ancient wetlands of Salburua had been taken over for agricul- tural activity leading to the drying of most of the sur- face. Moreover, the urban periphery offered low levels of security for citizens to visit and had become a physi- cal and social barrier between the city and the adjoining rural milieu. In order to solve these problems, the city government has turned the area into a network of parks. The main entity in charge of developing the Green Belt is the Environmental Studies Centre (CEA, in Spanish: Centro de Estudios Ambientales), an autonomous organisation of the municipal government. Other sup- porting actors include the European Union, the Minis- 252
Inner city Salburua Park Source © CEA, City of Vitoria-Gasteiz try for the Environment and the regional government of the Basque Country. Th e main target group and benefi ciary of the project is the city and its inhabitants. Th e Green Belt has been mainly fi nanced by the mu- nicipal budget with other institutions providing fi nanc- ing in accordance with their abilities. Th e Basque Water Agency (regional government) and the European Union’s European Regional Development Fund have fi nanced the restoration of the hydrological network and the Salburua Park; while the Hydrographic Confedera- tion of the River Ebro (national government) has fi nanced the environmental restoration of the River Zadorra. RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The Green Belt mostly relates to the Field of Action on Measures: From Policy to Action. The project has implemented an environmental recovery strategy at the adequate spatial scale, namely the urban periphery. For doing so, the municipal government has maximised the potential of existing natural resources and sought fi nancial resources from other government levels. There is also a strong component of the Field of Action on Capacity Development, as awareness raising activities, such as school visits and publica- tions in local media, are a fundamental element of the project. PROCESS Th e Green Belt is an environmental, territorial and ur- ban development measure with the main objective of promoting ecological restoration and creating a natural continuum around the city. It also seeks to satisfy the growing demand from citizens for open-air leisure areas, as well as to encourage environmental education to in- volve citizens in nature conservation. Th e principles used in the design and development of the Green Belt include eco-effi ciency, economy of resources, adaptation to the landscape and functionality for public use. 253
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change In the early 1990s the idea of creating the Green Belt to restore the urban fringes emerged in the city govern- ment and the Environmental Studies Centre (later Environmental Studies Centre, CEA) analysed the area. As a result, it was considered essential to connect the wetlands of Salburua on the east side with the Zabal- gana forest on the west side through the southern moun- tains and the River Zadorra to the north. The generic planning criterion established was to promote physical and ecological connectivity between the natural spaces on the periphery by means of adequately planned green corridors. In the first years the focus was on restoring degraded spaces, followed by defining the potential of interven- tion in the rest of the periphery. Afterwards, a manage- ment model was created with the underlying aim of making natural conservation compatible with use by the citizens. While the influx of visitors has a positive influence on avoiding misuse of the environment, such as illegal dumping of waste, in some areas access by humans is incompatible with ecological conservation. In recent years the municipal government has launched the Green Infrastructure Strategy including a set of projects to increase urban biodiversity and ground per- meability, and to plant 250,000 trees and bushes to capture more carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and so on, in all green areas of the city. These are some key milestones of the Green Belt: • 1993 Work on the Green Belt starts with the recovery of the Zabalgana gravel pit. • 1998 Restoration of the Salburua wetlands. • 1999 • 2002 The Green Belt as such is included in the city’s General Urban Development Plan. Start of the hydraulic adaptation and environmental restoration of the River Zadorra to increase its ecological functions and minimise flood risks. • 2004 Creation of a pathway network through the Green Belt to promote its use by citizens. • 2007 Creation of the Ataria Biodiversity Observa- tory to promote environmental awareness. • 2010 Creation of a European Forests Arboretum. • 2013 Approval of the Green Infrastructure Strategy by the city council. The Green Belt is not primarily a result of sustainable urban planning but rather of an adequate management of natural resources. However, urban planning aspects have been an integral part of the process along its his- tory. It is a project designed, promoted and facilitated 254 Olarizu Park guided visit Source © CEA, City of Vitoria-Gasteiz
Further International Case Studies Ataria Biodiversity Observatory 255 Source © QUINTAS Fotógrafos
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River Zadorra restoration Source © CEA, City of Vitoria-Gasteiz 257
Salburua Park Source © CEA, City of Vitoria-Gasteiz by the CEA, which has reached collaboration agree- ments with other municipal departments as needed, mainly with the Department of the Environment and Public Space and the Department of Urban Planning. Its execution and management are performed by the Unit of Green Belt and Biodiversity under the Depart- ment of the Environment and Public Space, mainly through contractors. Some actions have been carried out by student-workers from employment-training pro- grammes thanks to agreements with the employment agency. The CEA is also responsible for the communica- tion and awareness raising activities, as well as the man- agement of the equipment. In addition, the task of controlling the use of the Green Belt is the responsibil- ity of the park ranger service, which also monitors its ecological and landscape development. Civil society participation has been increasing over the years, mainly through environmental education activities. Thanks to the very positive reception of the Green Belt by citizens, they have demanded the creation of specific features in the Green Belt, such as a walkway that circles the Belt, sport areas and dog-friendly areas. OUTCOME After 25 years of recovering natural space, today the Green Belt comprises six consolidated parks (Armentia, Olarizu, Salburua, Zabalgana, Zadorra and Errekaleor) with a total area of 727 hectares out of the planned recovery of 993 hectares. It offers a wide range of envi- ronments and ecosystems, such as forests, rivers, wet- lands, meadows and hedgerows coexisting in the city edges. Also, 79 km of foot and bike paths have been created for citizens to enjoy. These results have been internationally acknowledged including the declaration of the Salburua Park as a Wetland of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention in 2002, and the declaration of Salburua and the River Zadorra as Places of Community Interest and their inclusion in the Network Natura 2000, the European Union’s network of protected areas, in 2004. In addition, there is evi- dence of the positive impact of the Green Belt in the reduction of floods, increase of biodiversity and im- provement of water quality in aquifers. Since the resto- ration of the wetlands of Salburua and the disconnec- tion of the streams crossing the park from the sewerage system, flooding in the neighbouring industrial estate has ceased to occur. In terms of monitoring, the surface subject to environmental recovery is measured in con- junction with that of the entire city. Biodiversity levels and public use are also monitored, and environmental education programmes are evaluated. The next step is the completion of the Belt with the Larragorri peripheral park, which will prevent the south- ern streams from entering the sewerage network and create a new park connecting the city with the southern mountain range. In addition, ecological connections inwards to the city parks and outwards to the rural territory will be created, as well as implementing the sustainable approaches of Vitoria-Gasteiz’s Food Strategy 258
Salburua Park Source © CEA, City of Vitoria-Gasteiz in adjoining agricultural spaces. In the future, the Green Belt should be part of the municipality’s green infra- structure system and adapted to the evolution of the city and the territory. TAKE-AWAYS • The local political consensus around environmental policies has been a fundamental issue making pos- sible the development of the project through the legislatures. • Informed decision making and project execution by a multidisciplinary and highly qualified technical team have been critical success factors. • The return on investments in the creation of high value spaces for flood management, conservation and public use has driven new interventions through a virtuous cycle. • It is critical to communicate the results to maximise the support of social agents. • Creating multifunctional spaces with environmental and social functions is a win-win situation. • It is crucial to involve citizens already in the design of future projects. • Increased ability to respond to infrastructure chal- lenges, creation of an unconventional and custom- ized green management model and the appropriation of space and model by citizens. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Ane Itziar Velasco Head of Studies, Evaluation and Sustainability Diagnosis CEA City of Vitoria-Gasteiz Tel: +34 945 162696 Email: avelasco@vitoria-gasteiz.org The data included in this case study has been produced and provided by the Environmental Studies Centre (CEA) of the City of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Sources Further information (only in Spanish) Website: Ayuntamiento de Vitoria-Gasteiz, Anillo Verde de Vitoria-Gasteiz - ¿Qué es el Anillo Verde? (in English: Green Ring of Vitoria-Gasteiz - What is the Green Ring?) Website: Ayuntamiento de Vitoria-Gasteiz, Estudios y estadísticas – Estadísticas por temas (in English: Studies and statistics – Statistics by subject) 259
Zhuhai city view Source © Zhuhai Urban Construction Archives 260
ZHUHAI Sponge City Upgrade and Reconstruction Project of Tenghuyuan Location Zhuhai, China Background/Introduction of the city Zhuhai lies in the Pearl River delta in southern China bordering the Macau Special Administrative Region. The city is at an altitude of 35 metres above sea level. Severe climate impacts Flooding (1,760 – 2,325 mm of annual rainfall and high groundwater level) Thunderstorms (strong and frequent during the summer) Inhabitants 1,765,400 Responsible Body Baiteng Street Offi ce (construction unit) Status Completed Duration November 2017 – May 2018 261
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change SUMMARY INFORMATION • Th e Sponge City Upgrade and Reconstruction Pro- ject of Zhuhai is part of the second batch of national Sponge City pilot projects in China. It has been carried out in the neglected residential area of Tenghuyuan, located in the Sponge City Demonstra- tion Zone of Zhuhai. • Th e project applies a so-called sponge city approach: allowing the ground to absorb, accumulate, purify and recycle rainwater. • Th e sponge city approach is a solution to adapt to climate change and to enhance the resilience of the community. Moreover, it reduces runoff pollution and waterlogging risk on the spot. It is seen as a new model for urban construction. the community’s drainage system was abandoned caus- ing a very poor living environment. Th e low-lying ter- rain created great water accumulation in the rainy sea- son. In addition, the public space was underused by residents due to the poor design. Th e involved actors are the municipal and the district- level governments, the street-level construction unit, the China Eco-City Academy (CECA) and the Zhuhai Planning and Design Institute. Th e project targets the inhabitants of Tenghuyuan to improve their quality of life, as well as other cities of the surrounding area to serve as an example to replicate. Th e project has required an investment of €1.3 million, fi nanced by the Sponge City Construction Central Special Fund, part of the national budget. CONTEXT Th e project covers an area of about 6,500 m2, composed of six to seven-storey residential buildings from the 1990s surrounding a central public space. Th e buildings had almost never been repaired, leading to dilapidation. Th e rainwater collection pipes and sewage pipes were not properly maintained and failing to cover the entire community. Because of the disconnected sewage pipes RELATION TO THE SOURCEBOOK’S FIELDS OF ACTION The case of Tenghuyuan represents the Field of Action The case of Tenghuyuan represents the Field of Action on Measures: From Policy to Action, as a good example of a climate-proof measure. The scale of the project is a small residential area, enabling the solution of the water-related problems on the spot. The opinions of the residents are taken into account and the replica- tion of the measure is possible in similar contexts. Views of Tenghuyuan before and after the intervention Source © China Eco-City Academy (CECA) 262
Further International Case Studies PROCESS The transformation of the Tenghuyuan residential area combines landscape and sponge measures, including ground-level and underground piping work to carry out systematic upgrades. Key objectives of the project: • Improving the ecological drainage by completely separating rainwater from sewage. • Increasing the annual total runoff control rate by at least 72%. • Reducing the concentration of suspended solids in water by at least 52.6%. • Creating an urban waterlogging control system able to cope with rainstorms for at least 30 years. Further co-benefits of the project: • Improving the habitat environment, including brightening and beautifying the building facades. • Making the vegetation system multi-level and multi- colour. • Increasing leisure facilities and harmonising the land- scape. In 2016, the City of Zhuhai was selected by the Chinese government as one of the national sponge pilot cities and Tenghuyuan became one of the so called ‘Old City Reconstruction’ projects. At the local-level, the project was initiated by the Zhuhai Municipal People’s Govern- ment, while the Zhuhai Sponge City Special Work Leading Group oversaw the goal setting, decision- making and coordination of tasks among the actors. The Doumen District people’s Government and the Doumen District Sponge City Special Work Leading Group were responsible for the district level implications of the project. Before carrying out the technical design, the Zhuhai Planning and Design Institute surveyed the site, gath- ered opinions from multiple parties including residents, analysed the underlying surface and selected relevant sponge measures. The collected information was then combined with the local conditions to set up sponge facilities. Gradually, revisions and improvements were made to the design. The China Eco-City Academy (CECA) reviewed the design and the construction draw- ings, provided technical guidance and training to the construction unit and checked the construction site to control key points of construction technology. Lastly, the approval of the construction works was carried out by the Baiteng Street Office and the Doumen District Tenghuyuan Source © China Eco-City Academy (CECA) 263
Sponge City Special Work Leading Group. The renova- tion phase started in November 2017 and included the following steps: 4 Building a new rainwater riser, whose outlet uses a disconnected treatment with stepped drainage to reduce the rainwater scouring of the rain garden. 1 Adopting the method of superimposing water stor- age and green landscape spaces by the designer with the agreement of all other actors. This way the wa- ter storage space does not constrain the public land- scape area, given the overall limited space. 2 Transforming the impervious pavement into a rain garden, which collects and treats runoff drainage and increases the diversity of Low Impact Develop- ment (LID) measures. 3 Building a system to collect and treat roof rainwater, diverting it to new high flower beds, allowing a subsequent water discharge to the permeable pave- ment. 5 Creating openings along the walkways to allow rain- water to enter the rain garden, including garbage intercepting baskets and pebbles to facilitate gar- bage collection. 6 Arranging pebbles of different diameters around the overflow area to buffer the runoff. 7 Enhancing the community’s public space consider- ing the age structure of the residents. 264
Zhuhai city view Source © Zhuhai Urban Construction Archives OUTCOME After the integral renovation of the community, rain- water and most of the street runoff can be stored, infil- trated and purified at the source. Also, the new sewage system allows the sewage water to be effectively col- lected and treated. The transformation has created per- meable paving, a rain garden, an ecological tree pool, high flower beds and linear drainage ditches using Low Impact Development (LID) measures, thus improving the landscape and increasing the housing prices. The intervention has also reduced the flood risk, achieving the target of ‘light rain no wet shoes and heavy rain no waterlogging’. From the regional perspective, it has played a positive role in controlling the annual runoff rate and has reduced the annual runoff pollution rate in its drainage zone. In addition, the project has become an example of a sponge city transformation combined with a neighbourhood renovation, making it scalable in similar communities. Regarding monitoring, the effects of the transformation have repeatedly been checked with a hydrodynamic model. Actual data has been collected with testing equipment placed at key points, such as the main sponge facilities and water outlets. In addition, the City of Zhu- hai has issued ‘Guidelines for Operation and Mainte- nance of Sponge Facilities’. These provide for regular inspection of the sponge facilities and sampling and testing at the main nodes and outlets. Lastly, the techni- cal support unit carried out a survey with residents after the renovation which concluded that the level of satis- faction is very high. 265
Zhuhai city view Source © Zhuhai Urban Construction Archives 266
Tenghuyuan intervention area Source © China Eco-City Academy (CECA) TAKE-AWAYS • Adapting the technical measures to the actual situa- tion has provided very good results. • During the construction of the project, the aging of the pipelines turned out to be worse than expected and some pipelines had to be upgraded, increasing the initial costs. • Communicating with the residents about the renova- tion of their community is very important for the success of the project, including an exhaustive evalu- ation of residents after the finalisation. • Given that there were almost no maps of the residen- tial area available, the design was difficult and re- quired frequent on-site surveying and mapping. • Landscape architects should participate in the entire design of sponge measures. • Special attention should be paid to the quality of concealed construction works, including the protec- tion of the existing pipelines. • Attention should be paid to the protection of eco- logical facilities during construction to avoid damage by heavy vehicles. • Protective measures for plants should be taken to avoid long-term damage. • The monitoring system should be enhanced to monitor the implementation effects and to provide detailed data for subsequent projects. CONTACT INFORMATION WITHIN MUNICIPALITY Dr Yang Deping China Eco-City Academy co., LTD (CECA) Email: yangdeping@chinasus.org Sources Further information Website: China Eco-City Academy (CECA) 267
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Capacity Development Tools These tools include online learning platforms, online courses as well as databases that provide entry points for further information on various topics on cities and climate change. The majority of these tools are freely accessi- ble and only some of them involve costs. The CFCC project is not responsible for the content of these further resources. 1. URBAN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 1.1 Tools / Learning Platforms Climate-ADAPT: The Urban Adaptation Support Tool 1.2 Online Courses We Adapt: Climate Adaptation Training The World Bank: Safe and Resilient Cities Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Urban Climate Adaptation United Cities and Local Governments of Africa / Erasmus University Rotterdam: Planning for Climate Change in African Cities University of British Columbia: Urban Water – Innovations for Environmental Sustainability TU Munich / RWTH Aachen: Flood Risk Management National Environmental Education Foundation (NEEF) USA: Dealing with Drought: Science, Impacts and Strategies to Save Water Managing Building Adaptation: A Sustainable Approach TU Delft: 1.3 Databases European Climate Adaptation Platform 2. URBAN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION 2.1 Tools / Learning Platforms The CURB Tool: Climate Action for Urban Sustainability World Bank: Renewable Energy Toolkit World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD): Energy Efficiency Toolkit for Buildings Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP): Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy: Helping Cities Use Energy Efficiently WBCSD: Mobility Planning Tool WBCSD: SMP2.0 Sustainable Mobility Indicators Eltis (Europe’s main observatory on urban mobility): Urban Transport Roadmaps 270
2.2 Online Courses University of Cape Town: Climate Change Mitigation in Developing Countries Global Covenant of Mayors: Online Training Course World Bank: Energy Efficiency in Cities International Energy Agency: Energy Efficiency Indicators: Essentials for Policy Making The University of British Columbia: Ecodesign for Cities and Suburbs Open University: Transport and sustainability 2.3 Databases Copenhagen Center on Energy Efficiency / World Resources Institute: Tools for Energy Efficiency in Buildings LEDS Global Partnership: Transport Toolkit Database 3. URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION & MITIGATION 3.1 Tools / Learning Platforms UN-Habitat: Cities and Climate Change Academy 3.2 Online Courses UNCC Learn: Cities and Climate Change Climate Change and Cities – Interactive + PDF Version UNCC Learn: World Bank: Cities and Climate Change Leadership Trinity College: Sustainable Urban Environments Lund University / WWF / ICLEI: Greening the Economy: Sustainable Cities University of Pennsylvania: Designing Cities TU Delft / Wageningen University: Sustainable Urban Development: Discover Advanced Metropolitan Solutions Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne: Urban Infrastructure Management ETH Zürich: World Bank: Quality of Life: Livability in Future Cities Sustainable Urban Land Use Planning Climate-KIC: Green Bonds for Cities E-Learning Course 271
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change Bibliography PART I CLIMATE-PROOF URBAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2016. Sustainable Development Goals. [pdf ] New York: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). [online] Available at: http://www.undp.org/ content/dam/undp/library/corporate/brochure/ SDGs_Booklet_Web_En.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2019]. 2. Background to the Global Project “Cities Fit for Climate Change” 2.1. CFCC eThekwini Municipality, 2018. Municipal Spatial Development Framework 2017/2018 – 2021/2022. [pdf ] eThekwini: eThekwini Municipality. [online] Available at: http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/ development_planning_management/Documents/ SDF%202018%202019%20MAY%202018.pdf [Accessed 05 February 2019]. eThekwini Municipality, 2011. Durban Climate Change Strategy. [online] Available at: http://www. durban.gov.za/City_Services/energyoffice/Pages/Dur- banClimateChangeStrategy.aspx [Accessed 05 February 2019]. 1. Introduction IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), ed., 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York. Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy and C40 Cities Leadership Group, eds., 2018. Sum- mary for Urban Policy Makers: What the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C Means for Cities. [pdf ]. [online] Available at: https://c40-production- images.s3.amazonaws.com/researches/images/74_ Summary_for_Policy_Makers_OnlineVer- sion_%281%29.original.pdf?1544400763 [Accessed 29 March 2019]. Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Romero-Lankao, P., Mehrotra, S., Dhakal, S. and Ibrahim, S. A., 2018. Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. UN-HABITAT, 2016. Sustainable Urbanization in the Paris Agreement. [online] Available at: https://unhabi- tat.org/books/sustainable-urbanization-in-the-paris- agreement/ [Accessed 29 March 2019]. United Nations, 2017. New Urban Agenda. [pdf ] New York: Habitat III Secretariat. [online] Available at: http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA- English.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2019]. United Nations DESA/ Population Division, 2018. World Urbanization Prospects 2018. [online] Available at: https://population.un.org/wup/DataQuery/ [Accessed 28 January 2019]. 272
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Eichhorst, U., 2009. Adapting Urban Transport to Climate Change. Module 5f. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. [online] Available at: https://mia.giz.de/qlink/ID=38234000 [Accessed 29 March 2019]. Engel, M., Gauly, J., Meyer-Zenk, S. and Volgmann, F., 2016. Sustainable Urban Development. Livable, green and connected – working together to create tomorrow’s cities. [pdf ] Bonn and Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. [online] Available at: https://mia.giz. de/qlink/ID=49105000 [Accessed 29 March 2019]. European Union Member States, 2007. LEIPZIG CHARTER on Sustainable European Cities, Final Draft (02 May 2007). [online] Available at: https:// ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/urban/ leipzig_charter.pdf [Accessed 15 February 2019]. German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU), 2016. Humanity on the move: Unlocking the transformative power of cities. [pdf ] Berlin: WBGU. [online] Available at: https://www.wbgu.de/fileadmin/ user_upload/wbgu/publikationen/hauptgutachten/ hg2016/pdf/hg2016_en_highres.pdf [Accessed 29 March 2019]. PART II CASE STUDIES Cities Fit for Climate Change Project Case Studies Chennai (India) – Eyes on the Canal – Reimagining Chennai’s Buckingham Canal Balasubramanian, D., 2005. Buckingham canal buffered tsunami fury. The Hindu. [online] 11 August. Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/ seta/2005/08/11/stories/2005081100171500.htm [Accessed 24 January 2019]. Date and Time, 2019. Geographic coordinates of Chennai, India [online] Available at: http://dateand- time.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1264527 [Accessed 23 January 2019]. Bibliography OECD, The World Bank, UN Environment, 2018. Financing Climate Futures: Rethinking Infrastructure. [pdf ] Paris: OECD Publishing. [online] Available at: http://www.oecd.org/environment/financing-climate- futures-9789264308114-en.htm [Accessed 29 March 2019]. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), 2012. Cities and Biodiversity Outlook. [pdf ] Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. [online] Available at: https://www.cbd.int/ doc/health/cbo-action-policy-en.pdf [Accessed 28 January 2019]. UN-HABITAT, 2015. Guiding Principles for City Cli- mate Action Planning. [pdf ] Nairobi: UN-HABITAT. [online] Available at: https://unhabitat.org/books/ guiding-principles-for-climate-city-planning-action/ [Accessed 29 March 2019]. DHV B.V. Netherlands and DHV India Pvt. Ltd., 2011. Pre-Feasibility Study support for Waterways Reha- bilitation and Solid Waste Management in Chennai. Part I: Waterways Rehabilitation. [pdf ] s.l.: Cities Development Initiative for Asia. [online] Available at: https://cdia.asia/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/IND_ Chennai_ES1.pdf [Accessed 05 February 2019]. Dhivakar, V., n.d. The Erstwhile Buckingham Canal, A Must for Revival as South-East Coast Inland Water Way. [online] Available at: http://porttoport.in/experts/ THE%20ERSTWHILE%20BUCKINGHAM%20 CANAL.pdf [Accessed 05 February 2019]. 277
Making Cities Fit for Climate Change DT Next, 2018. City, Mumbai architects work on plan to revive Buckingham Canal. DT Next. [online] 21 December. Available at: https://www.dtnext.in/ News/City/2018/12/21075828/1100070/City-Mum- bai-architects-work-on-plan-to-revive-Buckingham-. vpf [Accessed 08 May 2019] Shivakumar, C., 2018. GIZ boost for Chennai’s Buckingham Canal. The New Indian Express. [online] 16 November. Available at: http://www.newindianex- press.com/cities/chennai/2018/nov/16/giz-boost-for- chennais-buckingham-canal-1898924.html [Accessed 08 May 2019]. Inland Waterways Authority of India, 2014. Develop- ment of Waterway Stretch between Pedaganjam to Ennore South of North Buckingham Canal in National Waterway -4. Project Feasibility Report. [pdf ] Chennai: WAPCOS Limited. [online] Available at: http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/ Online/TOR/0_0_09_Jan_2015_1826132801PROJ ECTFEASIBILITYREPORT.pdf [Accessed 05 Febru- ary 2019]. Kannadasan, A., 2018. Care for the canal. The Hindu. [online] 26 October. Available at: https://www.the- hindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ care-for-the-canal/article25328723.ece [Accessed 08 May 2019]. Lakshmi, K. and Ramakrishnan, D. H., 2011. Untreated sewage pollutes waterways. The Hindu, [online] last updated 29 Sept 2011. Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ tp-tamilnadu/untreated-sewage-pollutes-waterways/ article2495513.ece [Accessed 24 January 2019]. Madras Musings, 2015. Buckingham Canal Highs and Lows. Madras Musings [online]. 16-31 January. Available at: https://eyesonthecanal.files.wordpress. com/2018/06/vol-24-issue-19-madras-musings.pdf [Accessed 05 February 2019]. Mohankumar, V., 2018. Interview on the Buckingham Canal Case Study. Interviewed by Sudhakar Krishnan Sripathy. [personal interview], Chennai, 13 December 2018. Mohankumar, V., n.d.. Eyes on the Canal. [online] Available at: https://eyesonthecanal.wordpress.com/ [Accessed 24 January 2019]. Russell, A. S., 1898. History of the Buckingham Canal Project: With a Descriptive Account of the Canal and Its Principal Works and a Guide to Its Future Maintenance. Madras: Superintendent, Government Press. Chennai (India) – Ward-Level Integrated Greening Plan Date and Time, 2019. Geographic coordinates of Chennai, India [online] Available at: http://dateand- time.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1264527 [Accessed 23 January 2019]. Krishna Chaitanya, S. V., 2018. Chennai’s green cover shrinking, needs structural plan, finds report. The new Indian Express. [online] 02 February. Available at: http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chen- nai/2018/feb/04/chennais-green-cover-shrinking- needs-structural-plan-finds-report-1768037.html [Accessed 06 February 2019]. Sylvester, P. 2017. The News Minute. Why Chennai needs greenery typical to its landscape and not exotic species. [online] 27 May. Available at: https://www. thenewsminute.com/article/why-chennai-needs- greenery-typical-its-landscape-and-not-exotic- species-62702 [Accessed 06 February 2019]. eThekwini (Durban) (South Africa) – Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for Spatial Planning (CRISP) Date and Time, 2019. Geographic coordinates of Durban, South Africa [online] Available at: http:// dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1007311 [Accessed 23 January 2019]. eThekwini Municipality, 2018. Municipal Spatial Development Framework 2017/2018 – 2021/2022. [pdf ] eThekwini Municipality. [online] Available at: http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/develop- ment_planning_management/Documents/SDF%20 2018%202019%20MAY%202018.pdf [Accessed 05 February 2019]. eThekwini Municipality, 2017. “From Policy to Action” – Climate Resilience Implementation Plan for the eThekwini Spatial Development Framework (SDF), Proposed SDF Amendments and Implementation Plan (Final Report). 26 April 2017. 278
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